The Role of Vaccination and Screening in Limiting the Worldwide Disease Burden of Preventable Female Cancers: A Review
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Epidemiology of Cervical Cancer
3. Epidemiology of Breast Cancer
4. Strategies for Prevention of Cervical Cancer
4.1. Primary Prevention: HPV Vaccination
4.2. Secondary Prevention: Cervical Cancer Screening
5. Strategies for Prevention of Breast Cancer
5.1. Primary Prevention: Removing Risk Factors
5.2. Secondary Prevention: Breast Cancer Screening
6. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vaccine | Number of Doses and Timing of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination | HPV-Serotypes Included in the Vaccine | Coverage of Circulating Oncogenic HPV-Serotypes |
---|---|---|---|
Bivalent | 2: 0, 6 months if ≤14 years old 3: 0, 2, 6 months if ≥5 years old | 16, 18 * | Around 75% |
Quadrivalent | 6, 11, 16, 18 * | Around 75% | |
Nonavalent | 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58 * | Around 90% |
Cervical Cancer Screening Test | Timing | Age Range | Confirmation Test for Positive |
---|---|---|---|
Papanicolau (Pap) test | Every three years | 25–64 years or 25–31 years (if associated with HPV-DNA test) | Colposcopy |
HPV-DNA test | Every five years | 31–64 years | Pap test and colposcopy |
Modifiable Factors for Breast Cancer | Increased Risk | Decreased Risk |
---|---|---|
Childbirth | Later | Prior |
Parity | Nulliparity or Lower | Higher |
Breastfeeding | Short or null | Long |
Menarche | <12 years | ≥12 years |
Menopause | ≤55 years | >55 years |
Oestrogen exposure | Prolonged oral contraceptive or hormone replacement therapies | No hormonal therapies |
Dietary habits | Diet rich of animal fat and proteins | Diet rich of fruit and vegetables (Mediterranean Diet) |
Physical activity | Inactive | Active |
Alcohol | High intake | Low or no intake |
Weight | Overweight or obesity | Normal weight |
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Costantino, C.; Alba, D.; Cimino, L.; Conforto, A.; Mazzucco, W. The Role of Vaccination and Screening in Limiting the Worldwide Disease Burden of Preventable Female Cancers: A Review. Women 2021, 1, 16-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/women1010002
Costantino C, Alba D, Cimino L, Conforto A, Mazzucco W. The Role of Vaccination and Screening in Limiting the Worldwide Disease Burden of Preventable Female Cancers: A Review. Women. 2021; 1(1):16-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/women1010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleCostantino, Claudio, Davide Alba, Livia Cimino, Arianna Conforto, and Walter Mazzucco. 2021. "The Role of Vaccination and Screening in Limiting the Worldwide Disease Burden of Preventable Female Cancers: A Review" Women 1, no. 1: 16-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/women1010002