Postprandial Triglycerides, Flow-Mediated Dilation, and the Inflammatory Cytokine Milieu in Metabolically Healthy Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Initial Assessment
2.3. Fat Tolerance Test
2.4. Body Composition Assessment
2.5. Vascular Function
2.6. Serum Analyses
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Postprandial Metabolic Parameters
3.3. Flow-Mediated Dilation
3.4. Inflammatory Mediators
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Con | MHO | MetS | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Participant Characteristics | ||||
Age (years) | 27 ± 5 | 30 ± 9 | 36 ± 7 | 0.0514 |
Mass (kg) | 67.4 ± 10.8 b | 96.9 ± 11.9 a | 110.7 ± 21.2 a | <0.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.1 ± 1.6 b | 33.8 ± 4.1 a | 37.9 ± 4.5 a | <0.0001 |
WC (in) | 29.0 ± 2.3 c | 39.1 ± 4.2 b | 44.8 ± 5.7 a | <0.0001 |
Body Fat (%) | 23.4 ± 5.5 b | 40.2 ± 8.2 a | 37.8 ± 8.3 a | 0.0006 |
Body Fat (kg) | 15.8 ± 3.7 b | 38.8 ± 9.4 a | 42.0 ± 12.5 a | <0.0001 |
VAT (g) | 233.4 ± 66.0 c | 561.4 ± 132.0 b | 795.7 ± 244.7 a | <0.0001 |
Lean mass (%) | 74.0 ± 6.0 a | 57.3 ± 8.4 b | 59.8 ± 8.0 b | 0.0007 |
Lean mass (kg) | 50.1 ± 10.3 b | 55.6 ± 10.8 ab | 65.9 ± 13.2 a | 0.0269 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 108 ± 12.0 | 115 ± 12 | 122 ± 16 | 0.1214 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 74 ± 9 | 82 ± 10 | 84 ± 15 | 0.1387 |
Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | 92.4 ± 6.7 b | 95.6 ± 3.9 b | 103.6 ± 12.4 a | 0.0162 |
Fasting Total-C (mg/dL) | 154.6 ± 31.6 | 170.4 ± 26.0 | 180.3 ± 33.3 | 0.1786 |
Fasting HDL-C (mg/dL) | 66.6 ± 11.0 a | 58.1 ± 10.5 ab | 47.2 ± 12.2 b | 0.0026 |
Fasting LDL-C (mg/dL) | 75.0 ± 26.1 b | 93.6 ± 21.5 ab | 105.3 ± 27.8 a | 0.0375 |
Fasting VLDL-C (mg/dL) | 12.8 ± 3.6 b | 18.5 ± 7.8 b | 27.9 ± 11.8 a | 0.0015 |
Fasting Non-HDL-C (mg/dL) | 88.0 ± 25.1 b | 112.4 ± 21.6 ab | 133.1 ± 31.8 a | 0.0027 |
Fasting TC/HDL | 2.3 ± 0.3 c | 3.0 ± 0.6 b | 4.0 ± 1.1 a | <0.0001 |
Fasting Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 64.5 ± 18.0 b | 89.8 ± 32.6 b | 139.1 ± 59.1 a | 0.0010 |
Fasting ALT (U/L) | 22.3 ± 6.1 b | 27.4 ± 6.2 b | 41.7 ± 16.2 a | 0.0008 |
Fasting AST (U/L) | 26.6 ± 5.9 | 23.8 ± 4.8 | 29.8 ± 8.7 | 0.1343 |
Fasting insulin (mU/L) | 1.1 ± 0.6 b | 2.6 ± 2.1 b | 5.5 ± 3.6 a | 0.0023 |
HOMA-IR | 0.2 ± 0.1 b | 0.6 ± 0.5 b | 1.5 ± 1.1 a | 0.0024 |
Fat Tolerance Test Meal | ||||
Total kcal | 607 ± 97.4 c | 872.3 ± 107.0 b | 996 ± 191 a | <0.0001 |
Fat (g) | 47.2 ± 7.6 c | 67.9 ± 8.3 b | 77.5 ± 14.9 a | <0.0001 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 31.8 ± 5.1 c | 45.8 ± 5.6 b | 52.3 ± 10.0 a | <0.0001 |
Protein (g) | 15.2 ± 2.4 c | 21.8 ± 2.7 b | 24.9 ± 4.8 a | <0.0001 |
Con | MHO | MetS | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Final (4 h) | ||||
Glucose (mg/dL) | 90.1 ± 6.4 | 94.2 ± 8.7 | 94.7 ± 2.9 | 0.2408 |
Total-C (mg/dL) | 157.6 ± 30.7 | 169.3 ± 29.6 | 178.0 ± 35.9 | 0.3433 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 66.5 ± 12.3 b | 55.8 ± 12.3 ab | 45.4 ± 12.3 a | 0.0027 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 76.3 ± 22.3 | 91.8 ± 24.90 | 96.7 ± 26.7 | 0.1734 |
VLDL-C (mg/dL) | 14.7 ± 2.8 b | 21.9 ± 9.6 b | 35.6 ± 15.3 a | 0.0005 |
Non-HDL-C (mg/dL) | 90.9 ± 23.1 b | 113.6 ± 23.7 ab | 132.5 ± 32.5 a | 0.0063 |
TC/HDL | 2.4 ± 0.3 c | 3.2 ± 0.7 b | 4.1 ± 1.2 a | <0.0001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 73.7 ± 13.9 b | 109.4 ± 49.1 b | 178.3 ± 76.4 a | 0.0005 |
ALT (U/L) | 24.5 ± 6.4 b | 27.8 ± 5.0 b | 42.5 ± 17.3 a | 0.0020 |
AST (U/L) | 29.0 ± 5.9 ab | 23.2 ± 2.9 b | 32.6 ± 10.2 a | 0.0187 |
Delta | ||||
Glucose (mg/dL) | −2.3 ± 0.9 | −1.4 ± 8.5 | −8.9 ± 11.0 | 0.1324 |
Total-C (mg/dL) | 3.0 ± 8.6 | −1.1 ± 9.4 | −3.9 ± 2.4 | 0.3205 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | −0.1 ± 4.1 | −2.3 ± 4.0 | −1.8 ± 3.0 | 0.0980 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 1.3 ± 8.4 b | −1.7 ± 6.9 b | −8.6 ± 6.0 a | 0.0093 |
VLDL-C (mg/dL) | 1.9 ± 3.7 b | 3.5 ± 3.6 b | 7.7 ± 6.0 a | 0.0220 |
Non-HDL-C (mg/dL) | 2.9 ± 6.0 | 1.3 ± 6.1 | -0.6 ± 4.5 | 0.3890 |
TC/HDL | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.04 ± 0.1 | 0.3044 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 9.2 ± 17.1 b | 19.6 ± 23.8 ab | 39.2 ± 29.9 a | 0.0299 |
ALT (U/L) | 2.2 ± 3.5 | 0.5 ± 2.4 | 1.3 ± 1.6 | 0.3294 |
AST (U/L) | 2.4 ± 4.7 | 0.5 ± 2.8 | 2.8 ± 5.8 | 0.4832 |
Con | MHO | MetS | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
GM-CSF (pg/mL) | 19.43 ± 18.17 b | 45.93 ± 34.01 a | 11.82 ± 5.60 b | 0.0025 |
IFN-γ (pg/mL) | 3.76 ± 2.40 | 3.68 ± 1.91 | 2.97 ± 2.18 | 0.6526 |
IL-1β (pg/mL) | 1.08 ± 0.48 ab | 1.52 ± 0.81 a | 0.71 ± 0.39 b | 0.0249 |
IL-2 (pg/mL) | 2.28 ± 1.35 | 2.28 ± 1.22 | 2.03 ± 1.73 | 0.6490 |
IL-5 (pg/mL) | 1.38 ± 0.62 ab | 1.89 ± 1.02 a | 0.99 ± 0.50 b | 0.0408 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.78 ± 1.69 b | 12.33 ± 13.22 a | 2.29 ± 2.16 b | 0.0059 |
IL-8 (pg/mL) | 19.07 ± 16.25 b | 58.70 ± 52.35 a | 10.13 ± 4.29 b | 0.0154 |
IL-12p70 (pg/mL) | 2.65 ± 1.36 | 2.35 ± 0.87 | 2.07 ± 1.37 | 0.5458 |
IL-13 (pg/mL) | 5.25 ± 4.02 b | 14.78 ± 11.18 a | 3.82 ± 3.00 b | 0.0043 |
IL-17 (pg/mL) | 9.25 ± 4.63 | 10.17 ± 5.63 | 10.13 ± 8.37 | 0.9380 |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 4.78 ± 1.89 b | 7.51 ± 3.33 a | 7.83 ± 2.13 a | 0.0233 |
IL-4 (pg/mL) | 37.93 ± 41.34 | 52.07 ± 49.02 | 29.18 ± 29.68 | 0.4671 |
IL-10 (pg/mL) | 4.56 ± 2.16 | 4.01 ± 1.12 | 3.53 ± 2.09 | 0.4699 |
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Keirns, B.H.; Hart, S.M.; Sciarrillo, C.M.; Poindexter, K.L.; Clarke, S.L.; Emerson, S.R. Postprandial Triglycerides, Flow-Mediated Dilation, and the Inflammatory Cytokine Milieu in Metabolically Healthy Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study. Obesities 2021, 1, 58-71. https://doi.org/10.3390/Obesities1010006
Keirns BH, Hart SM, Sciarrillo CM, Poindexter KL, Clarke SL, Emerson SR. Postprandial Triglycerides, Flow-Mediated Dilation, and the Inflammatory Cytokine Milieu in Metabolically Healthy Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study. Obesities. 2021; 1(1):58-71. https://doi.org/10.3390/Obesities1010006
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeirns, Bryant H., Samantha M. Hart, Christina M. Sciarrillo, Kara L. Poindexter, Stephen L. Clarke, and Sam R. Emerson. 2021. "Postprandial Triglycerides, Flow-Mediated Dilation, and the Inflammatory Cytokine Milieu in Metabolically Healthy Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study" Obesities 1, no. 1: 58-71. https://doi.org/10.3390/Obesities1010006