Open BIM Standards: A Review of the Processes for Managing Existing Structures in the Pre- and Post-Earthquake Phases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Preventative activities: these are carried out in the pre-earthquake period, and aim to guarantee safety during a seismic event and reduce repair costs as much as possible thereafter. As they are conducted in the absence of an emergency and on individual buildings, they are supported by very detailed analytical assessments, which are used to define ad hoc solutions and strategically optimize the resources required;
- Processes to manage damaged buildings: these are carried out in the post-earthquake period, and require very rapid evaluations of a building’s viability, equally fast interventions in the initial emergency phase, and more accurate assessments in the subsequent reconstruction stage.
2. Processes for Managing Existing Structures
2.1. Preventive Activities
- Hazard analysis [13]—quantifying the intensity of potential seismic effects and the site-specific probability that those of a given intensity will occur;
- Structural analysis—predicting a building’s response to earthquake shaking, expressed in the form of response quantities (i.e., demands) that could be associated with structural and non-structural damage;
- Damage analysis—described by probabilistic curves (known as fragility curves) [14]; these identify the probability of a specific level of damage as a function of an Engineering Demand Parameter (EDP) related to seismic actions;
- Loss analysis—economic losses are estimated based on the performance of a structure.
2.2. Post-Seismic Phase
- Rapid evaluation;
- Detailed evaluation;
- Engineering analysis.
- Has been INSPECTED (green placard)—the damage does not pose any significant risk. This is only intended to notify people that the building is safe for occupation; it does not mean that any damage should be ignored or that repairs are unnecessary;
- Is safe for RESTRICTED USE (yellow placard)—this addresses conditions where there are no clear safety concerns, but the damage identified precludes unrestricted occupancy. This notice is used if the evaluation reveals such damage that there should be no entry to part of a building, or where there is a restriction on the use or occupancy of the entire structure;
- Is UNSAFE (red placard)—there is an immediate risk associated with entry, use or occupancy, denoting that going into a building is not permitted for any reason. This does not automatically mean that the property has been condemned or will require demolition.
- A level 1 rapid assessment involves a brief external visual inspection of a building to assess the type and extent of its structural damage;
- A level 2 rapid assessment is still relatively brief but, importantly, requires access to both the interior of a building for more extensive observations, as well any available drawings. This type of evaluation is typically required for all critical facility, multi-story, and other buildings where the level 1 process identifies the need for further and detailed inspections [26];
- Level 3 in-depth engineering evaluations are usually carried out regardless of the outcomes of any level 1 or level 2 rapid assessments.
3. The Role of BIM Models in Pre- and Post-Earthquake Investigations
- Acquiring knowledge of a construction;
- BIM modelling;
- Structural analysis;
- Retrofit intervention planning.
- A critical historical analysis to research documents, reports and available drawings;
- A geometric structural survey to identify the load-bearing elements;
- A mechanical characterization of materials, based on investigational assessments [35].
4. The IDM Standard for Encoding a Structure’s Management Processes
- Where a step fits into the process and why it is relevant;
- The actors involved in creating, utilizing and benefitting from the information produced;
- What the information created and consumed actually is;
- How the information can be supported with software solutions.
Process Map
- Makes information exchanges between a project’s participants more reliable;
- Improves the quality of information;
- Improves decision making;
- Enables a BIM project to be conducted much more effectively.
- Produces better responses to user needs;
- Guarantees the quality of the information exchange;
- Creates reusable software components.
5. Application of the Procedure Using Open BIM Standards in a Case Study of Palazzo Penne
5.1. BIM Modelling and Management
5.2. Implementation of Digital Datasheets for the Collection of Information
- ▪
- AEDES sheets;
- ▪
- Lessico normal 1/88;
- ▪
- Abacus of decays;
- ▪
- “Provisions concerning the post-seismic activity findings resulting from seismic events that affected the territory of the regions of Lazio, Marche, Umbria and Abruzzo on 24 August 2016”, Ordinance No. 10 of 19 December 2016 and s.m.i. (trad. “Disposizioni concernenti i rilievi di agibilità post sismica conseguenti agli eventi sismici che hanno colpito il territorio delle Regioni Lazio, Marche, Umbria e Abruzzo a partire dal giorno 24 agosto 2016”, Ordinanza n. 10 del 19 December 2016 and s.m.i.)
- ▪
- Directive of the Minister of Cultural Heritage, Activities and Tourism—Addition to the Directive of 12 December 2013-“Procedures for the management of activities to make safe and safeguard cultural heritage in the event of emergencies resulting from natural disasters” (trad. Direttiva del Ministro dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo—Aggiornamento della direttiva del 12 dicembre 2013—“Procedure per la gestione delle attività di messa in sicurezza e salvaguardia del patrimonio culturale in caso di emergenze derivanti da calamità naturali”.)
6. The Digital Maturity of the Processes for Managing Existing Structures
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phase | Activity | Description | Role |
---|---|---|---|
Knowledge of the construction | Document research | Researching documents, graphics and pictures | Structural engineer and architect |
Survey | Survey of a building’s geometry | Surveying technician | |
Geometrical BIM modelling | Geometrical BIM modelling using the information previously obtained | Architectural BIM modeller | |
Structural, geological and geotechnical investigations | On-site and/or laboratory material testing for the mechanical evaluation of materials | Geologist, geotechnical engineer and material-testing technician | |
Degradation and damage detection | Detection of the damage, if any, affecting the structural elements | Structural engineer and architect | |
BIM modelling | Architectural BIM modelling | Upgrading the architectural model | Architectural BIM modeller |
Structural BIM modelling | Structural modelling | Structural BIM modeller | |
Clash detection | Checking the accuracy of the model | BIM coordinator | |
Structural analysis | Vulnerability and EAL assessment | Evaluation of the structural performance of a building’s current state | Structural engineer |
Retrofit intervention planning | Retrofit intervention | Definition of any intervention strategy required to improve the structural performance | Structural engineer and architect |
Phase | Activity | Description | Role |
---|---|---|---|
Emergency | Rapid evaluations | Rapid visual check of the structure, noting the damage extent and severity for an accessibility assessment of the building | Structural engineer |
Detailed evaluations | Detailed visual check of the structure, noting the damage extent and severity for an accessibility assessment of the building | Structural engineer | |
Engineering evaluations | Knowledge of the construction | Document research, on-site surveys and material testing | Structural engineer and architect |
Damage detection | Detection of collapsed elements and the extension and severity of the crack pattern | Structural engineer | |
Architectural BIM modelling | Architectural BIM modelling of the building and its damage | Architectural BIM modeller | |
Structural BIM modelling | Structural modelling | Structural BIM modeller | |
Structural analysis and retrofit interventions | Definition of the intervention strategy needed to make the structure safe | Structural engineer and architect |
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Musella, C.; Serra, M.; Salzano, A.; Menna, C.; Asprone, D. Open BIM Standards: A Review of the Processes for Managing Existing Structures in the Pre- and Post-Earthquake Phases. CivilEng 2020, 1, 291-309. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng1030019
Musella C, Serra M, Salzano A, Menna C, Asprone D. Open BIM Standards: A Review of the Processes for Managing Existing Structures in the Pre- and Post-Earthquake Phases. CivilEng. 2020; 1(3):291-309. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng1030019
Chicago/Turabian StyleMusella, Christian, Milena Serra, Antonio Salzano, Costantino Menna, and Domenico Asprone. 2020. "Open BIM Standards: A Review of the Processes for Managing Existing Structures in the Pre- and Post-Earthquake Phases" CivilEng 1, no. 3: 291-309. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng1030019