Spatial Analysis of Climate Risk in the West Bank, Palestine
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Methodological Approach
2.2.1. Data Collection for Exposure Calculation
2.2.2. Calculation of the Climate Risk and Exposure Index
2.2.3. Climate Risk and Exposure Mapping
2.2.4. Risk Assessment of Climate Change in the West Bank
2.2.5. Vulnerability Index Construction
2.3. Sensitivity Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Spatial Analysis of Climate-Risk Exposure
3.2. Risk Assessment of Climate Change in the West Bank
3.3. Sensitivity Anlaysis
3.4. Policy and Recommendations for Climate-Risk Adaptation
3.5. Study Limitations and Further Studies
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Exposure Indicator | Abbreviations | Description | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature | Maximum Temperature | Tma | Maximum temperatures | PMD [83] |
Minimum Temperature | Tmi | Minimum temperatures | ||
Maximum Temperature Days | D35 | Days with maximum temperature above 35 °C | ||
Minimum of Minimum Temperature | mi Tmi | Annual minimum value of daily minimum temperature | ||
Mean Temperature | Tme | Mean temperature | ||
Maximum of Maximum Temperature | ma Tma | Maximum of maximum temperature | ||
Frost Days | FD | Number of annual frost days | ||
Cold Days | CD | Percentage of days when TX < 10th percentile | ||
Warm Days | WD | Percentage of days when TX > 90th percentile | ||
Rainfall | Heavy Precipitation Days | HP | Days when precipitation exceeds 20 mm | PMD [83] |
Rainy Days | RD | Number of rainfall days | ||
Annual Rainfall | AR | Annual rainfall quantity | ||
Flood River | FR | Risk of flood river | World Bank [84] | |
Water Scarcity | WS | Water scarcity | ||
Overall | Wind Speed | WS | Mean wind speed | PMD [83] |
Relative Humidity | RH | Relative humidity | ||
Soil Type | ST | Percentage of clay and clay loamy from total governorate area | MOA [66] |
Wind Speed | Soil Type | Rainfall | Temperature | Relative Humidity | Final Weight | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wind Speed | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 4.0 | 0.18 |
Soil Type | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.06 |
Rainfall | 4.0 | 4.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 0.39 |
Temperature | 3.0 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 0.28 |
Relative Humidity | 0.3 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.09 |
Sum | 8.8 | 12.0 | 2.2 | 3.9 | 14.5 | 1.00 |
Indicator # | Indicator | Sub-Indicator | Score |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Wind Speed | <4.731579 | 2 |
4.731579–5.717391 | 3 | ||
5.717391–6.417017 | 4 | ||
6.417017–6.776147 | 5 | ||
6.776147–7.298941 | 6 | ||
7.298941–8.234783 | 8 | ||
≥8.234783 | 9 | ||
2 | Soil Type | <0.506949 | 2 |
0.506949–0.608942 | 3 | ||
0.608942–0.716993 | 4 | ||
0.716993–0.770676 | 5 | ||
0.770676–0.864419 | 6 | ||
0.864419–0.984142 | 8 | ||
≥0.984142 | 9 | ||
3 | Rainfall | <2.66 | 2 |
2.66–3.91 | 4 | ||
3.91–4.92 | 5 | ||
4.92–5.5 | 6 | ||
5.5–6.11 | 7 | ||
6.11–6.84 | 8 | ||
≥6.84 | 9 | ||
4 | Temperature | <4.54 | 2 |
4.54–4.65 | 3 | ||
4.65–4.84 | 4 | ||
4.84–5.31 | 6 | ||
5.31–5.38 | 7 | ||
5.38–5.83 | 8 | ||
≥5.83 | 9 | ||
5 | Relative Humidity | <49.47826 | 2 |
49.47826–57.57143 | 4 | ||
57.57143–62.099998 | 5 | ||
62.099998–63.573357 | 6 | ||
63.573357–64.15374 | 7 | ||
64.15374–65.434784 | 8 | ||
≥65.434784 | 9 |
Vulnerability Components | Vulnerability Indicators | Abbreviations | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Health | Infant Mortality Rate | IM | Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births) |
Daily Necessities | DN | Percentage of children under weight (12 months) | |
Recent Death | RD | Death rate (per 1000 population) | |
Health Center | HC | Population per primary healthcare center | |
Healthcare Visit | HV | Rate of visits for physician per person in year (PHC) | |
Nursing & Midwife | NM | Nurses and midwives (per 10,000 population) | |
Diabetes | Di | Rate of diabetes (per 100,000 of population) | |
Cancer | Ca | Incidence rate (per 100,000 population) | |
Hospital Beds | HB | Number of hospital beds (per 10,000 population) | |
Chronic Diseases | CD | Number of populations diagnosed with chronic diseases (per 10,000 population) | |
Health Insurance | HI | Number of health insured persons (per 10,000 population) | |
Under-Five Mortality Rate | UM | Under-five mortality rate (per 1000 live births) | |
Health Vulnerability | Vu | COVID vulnerability index | |
Socio demographic | Adult Literacy | AL | Percentage of population (15 years and above) that can read and write (excluding the population with educational attainment equating to elementary, preparatory, secondary, associate diploma, bachelor, and above) |
Older Persons | OP | Number of population more than 65 years old (per 10,000 population) | |
Education | Ed | Percentage of population (15 years and above) who have elementary educational attainment | |
Female | Fe | Number of females (per 10,000 population) | |
Young Person | YP | Persons (0–17) years old (per 10,000 population) | |
Disabled People | DP | Number of disabled people (per 10,000 population) | |
Suicide Rates | SR | Suicide attempt incident rate | |
Homicide Crime | HC | Number of victims in homicide crime (per 10,000 population) | |
Economic | Financial Services | FS | Capita per bank branch |
Population in the Workforce | PW | Labor force participation rate of persons aged 15 years and above | |
Dependency Ratio | DR | Unemployment rate of population aged 15 years and above | |
Household Received Assistance | HA | Percentage of household that received assistance | |
Loans | Lo | Percentage of households that received loans/advanced payments/debts (during the past 12 months) | |
Industrial Development | ID | Number of operating industrial enterprises in Palestine (5 employed persons and more) | |
Agriculture | Plant Area | PA | Percentage of cultivated area of field crops, vegetables and tree horticulture from total governorate area |
Main Income From Agriculture | MI | Percentage of agricultural holders worked in agriculture as their main job from the total number of agricultural holders | |
Irrigated Land | IL | Percentage of irrigated field crops area | |
Bovine | Bo | Number of cattle | |
Chemical Fertilizer | CF | Percentage of agricultural holdings that use chemical fertilizer from total area of agricultural holdings | |
Land Suitability | LS | Percentage of high agricultural land value from total governorate area | |
Agriculture Water Poverty Index | WP | Agriculture water poverty index | |
Farm Organization | FO | Percentage of agricultural holders by receiving an agricultural training/education from total agricultural holders | |
Aquaculture Area | AA | Percentage of area used for aquaculture from total area of agriculture holding | |
Housing | Household Sizes | HS | Average household size |
Built Up Area | BA | Percentage of residential built-up land from total governorate area | |
Water Consumption | WC | Daily consumption rate per capita per day | |
Housing Density | HD | Average housing density (person per room) | |
Renter Population | RP | Percentage of rented household (furnished and unfurnished) from total household | |
Population Density | PD | Capita per km2 | |
Services | Electricity | El | Percentage of occupied housing units which connected to electricity public net work from total household |
Toilet Facility | TF | Percentage of population with access to improved sanitation | |
Internet Access | IA | Percentage of households that connected to the internet | |
Landfills | La | Number of landfill | |
Road Length | RL | Road network length | |
Access to Water | AW | Percentage of population using safely managed drinking water services | |
Forest-based Energy | FE | Percentage of household used wood for cooking from total household | |
Number of Vehicle | NV | Number of licensed road vehicles (per 10,000 ) population |
Governorate | Suggested Adaptation Measures |
---|---|
Jenin and Jerusalem | Climate-resilient agriculture Land-use planning and management Agricultural disaster risk reduction and management plans |
Nablus and Ramallah & Al-Bireh | Rainwater harvesting infrastructure Rehabilitation of resilient road infrastructure Develop and improve stormwater systems and drainage infrastructure |
Hebron | Providing reliable electricity supply Providing safely managed drinking water services |
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Alawna, S.; Garcia, X. Spatial Analysis of Climate Risk in the West Bank, Palestine. World 2025, 6, 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/world6030121
Alawna S, Garcia X. Spatial Analysis of Climate Risk in the West Bank, Palestine. World. 2025; 6(3):121. https://doi.org/10.3390/world6030121
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlawna, Sandy, and Xavier Garcia. 2025. "Spatial Analysis of Climate Risk in the West Bank, Palestine" World 6, no. 3: 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/world6030121
APA StyleAlawna, S., & Garcia, X. (2025). Spatial Analysis of Climate Risk in the West Bank, Palestine. World, 6(3), 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/world6030121