Spray Analysis and Combustion Assessment of Diesel-LPG Fuel Blends in Compression Ignition Engine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Single Cylinder Engine
2.2. Optical Setup
2.3. Testing Methodology
2.4. Fuel Characteristics
- Commercial Diesel EN590.
- DLPG20 →20% w/w, L.P.G. in diesel.
- DLPG35 →35% w/w, L.P.G. in diesel.
3. Results
3.1. Spray Characterization of Diesel/LPG Blends
3.1.1. Non-Evaporation Condition (Tch = 300 K)
3.1.2. Evaporation Condition (Tch = 473 K)
3.2. Combustion Analysis on SCE
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Definitions/Abbreviations
ASOI | After Start of Injection |
BMEP | Brake Mean Effective Pressure |
CA | Crank Angle Degrees |
CA10 | 10% Mass Burning Fraction |
CA50 | 50% Mass Burning Fraction |
CA90-10 | Combustion Duration |
CI | Compression Ignition |
CO | Carbon Monoxide |
CO2 | Carbon Dioxide |
cyl | cylinder |
deg | degree |
DLPG | Diesel-LPG blend |
EC | Energizing Current |
EGR | Exhaust Gas Recirculation |
ET | Energizing Time |
ET | Energizing Time |
HC | Hydrocarbons |
HRR | Heat Release Rate |
ID | Ignition delay (SOI-CA10) |
IMEP | Indicated Mean Effective Pressure |
IMEPCOV | Covariance of IMEP |
ISEC | Indicated Specific Energy Consumption |
ISFC | Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption |
isX | Indicated Specific Emissions |
LHV | Lower Heating Value |
LPG | Liquefied Petroleum Gas |
NOx | Nitrogen Oxide |
pch | Chamber pressure |
pcyl | In-Cylinder Pressure |
pexh | Back-pressure |
pint | Boost Pressure |
PM | Particulate Matter |
prail | Rail Pressure |
PRR | Pressure Rise Rate |
Q | Injected amount |
SCE | Single-Cylinder Engine |
SOI | Start of Injection |
Tch | Chamber temperature |
TDC | Top Dead Centre |
ηcomb | Combustion efficiency |
ηfuel | Global efficiency |
ηthermal | Thermal efficiency |
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Displaced volume [cm3] | 477 |
Stroke × Bore [mm] | 90.4 × 82 |
Geometrical CR [–] | 16.5:1 |
Max rail pressure [–] | 1800 bar |
Injector type | Solenoid |
Number of holes | 7 |
Hole Diameter | 0.141 mm |
Cone angle | 148° |
Rated flow @ 100 bar | 440 cm3/30 s |
Parameters | Engine | Spray | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[rpm] × [bar] | IMEP [bar] | prail [bar] | CA50 [CAD aTDC] | pint [barG] | pexh [barG] | Tint [K] | NOx [ppm] | Tch [K] | pch [bar] | ET [ms] |
2000 × 2 | 4.1 | 750 | 10 | 0.11 | 0.32 | 339 | 60 | 300–473 | 1 | 0.6 |
2000 × 5 | 7.0 | 850 | 9 | 0.21 | 0.43 | 336 | 83 |
Fuel Name | Diesel | DLPG20 | DLPG35 | LPG |
---|---|---|---|---|
LPG content w/w [%] | 0 | 20 | 35 | 100 |
Density (liquid state) [kg/m3] | 836 | 772 | 723 | 514 |
Low-Heating Value [MJ/kg] | 42.5 | 43.2 | 43.8 | 46.1 |
Latent Heat of vaporization [kJ/kg] | 260 | 294 | 320 | 430 |
Stoichiometric A/F [-] | 14.67 | 15.4 | 15.6 | 16.7 |
Boiling point (0.1 MPa) [°C] | 362 | - | - | −42 |
Autoignition Temperature [°C] | 250 | - | - | 365—470 |
Cetane number | 56.2 | - | - | <2 |
H/C [-] | 1.86 | 2.3 | 2.49 | 3.43 |
λ | D | DLPG20 | DLPG35 |
---|---|---|---|
2000 × 2 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 |
2000 × 5 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 |
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Cardone, M.; Marialto, R.; Ianniello, R.; Lazzaro, M.; Di Blasio, G. Spray Analysis and Combustion Assessment of Diesel-LPG Fuel Blends in Compression Ignition Engine. Fuels 2021, 2, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels2010001
Cardone M, Marialto R, Ianniello R, Lazzaro M, Di Blasio G. Spray Analysis and Combustion Assessment of Diesel-LPG Fuel Blends in Compression Ignition Engine. Fuels. 2021; 2(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels2010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleCardone, Massimo, Renato Marialto, Roberto Ianniello, Maurizio Lazzaro, and Gabriele Di Blasio. 2021. "Spray Analysis and Combustion Assessment of Diesel-LPG Fuel Blends in Compression Ignition Engine" Fuels 2, no. 1: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels2010001