Travel during Pregnancy: A Web-Based Survey of People Who Have Been Pregnant within the Past 10 Years
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | No Domestic Travel | Domestic Travel | p * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 79 | N = 390 | ||||
Age (mean, SD) | 34.8 (3.9) | 34.3 (3.7) | 0.290 | ||
Advanced maternal age (n, %) | 32 (40.5) | 144 (36.9) | 0.549 | ||
Race (n, %) | |||||
White/Caucasian | 59 (74.7) | 319 (82.6) | 0.005 | ||
African American | 3 (3.8) | 12 (3.1) | |||
American Indian or Alaskan Native | 0 (0) | 2 (0.5) | |||
Asian | 7 (8.9) | 41 (10.6) | |||
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0) | |||
From multiple races | 4 (5.1) | 6 (1.6) | |||
Other or prefer not to answer | 5 (6.3) | 6 (1.6) | |||
Hispanic or Latina (n, %) | 7 (9.0) | 28 (7.2) | 0.600 | ||
Marital status (n, %) | |||||
Currently married or living with partner | 79 (100.0) | 380 (97.4) | 0.150 | ||
Currently widowed, divorced, separated, or never married/not living with partner | 0 (0) | 10 (2.6) | |||
Highest educational level (n, %) | |||||
High school or less than high school | 0 (0) | 3 (0.8) | 0.078 | ||
Some or completed college | 19 (24.1) | 56 (14.4) | |||
Graduate degree | 60 (76.0) | 331 (84.9) | |||
Annual Income (n, %) | |||||
<$50,000 | 10 (12.7) | 43 (11.0) | 0.010 | ||
$50,000–149,999 | 29 (36.7) | 84 (21.5) | |||
$150,000 or more | 40 (50.6) | 263 (67.4) | |||
Residence † (n, %) | 0.032 | ||||
Urban | 35 (44.3) | 121 (31.3) | |||
Suburban | 41 (51.9) | 214 (55.3) | |||
Rural | 3 (3.8) | 45 (11.6) | |||
Other | 0 (0) | 7 (1.8) | |||
Born in the United States † (n, %) | 62 (78.5) | 328 (84.8) | 0.169 | ||
Parents born in the United States (n, %) | 50 (64.1) | 279 (72.3) | 0.147 | ||
Primary household language English (n, %) | 67 (84.8) | 353 (91.7) | 0.057 | ||
Medical comorbidities (n, %) | |||||
Tobacco use | 0 (0) | 1 (0.26) | 0.651 | ||
Diabetes | 5 (6.3) | 34 (8.8) | 0.469 | ||
Hypertension | 11 (13.9) | 52 (13.4) | 0.908 | ||
Thyroid disease | 6 (7.6) | 29 (7.5) | 0.975 | ||
Asthma | 3 (3.8) | 32 (8.3) | 0.165 | ||
Seizures | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) | 0.652 | ||
Body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 10 (12.7) | 75 (19.2) | 0.167 | ||
Obstetric characteristics (n, %) | |||||
Gravidity (median, IQR) | 3 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 0.151 | ||
Gravida 1 ‡ | 12 (15.2) | 75 (19.5) | 0.382 | ||
Gravida 2 | 26 (32.9) | 142 (36.9) | |||
Gravida 3 or greater | 41 (51.9) | 168 (43.6) | |||
First pregnancy (n, %) | 24 (30.4) | 129 (33.1) | 0.641 | ||
Prior miscarriage | 34 (43.0) | 144 (36.9) | 0.307 | ||
Twin pregnancy | 1 (1.3) | 8 (2.1) | 0.635 |
Characteristic | No International or Non-Contiguous Travel | International or Non-Contiguous Travel | p † | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 353 | N = 114 * | ||||
Age (mean, SD) | 34.2 (3.6) | 34.8 (3.8) | 0.201 | ||
Advanced maternal age (n, %) | 120 (33.9) | 55 (48.2) | 0.006 | ||
Race (n, %) | |||||
White/Caucasian | 298 (85.1) | 79 (69.3) | |||
African American | 9 (2.6) | 6 (5.3) | |||
American Indian or Alaskan Native | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.9) | 0.020 | ||
Asian | 28 (8.0) | 20 (17.5) | |||
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | |||
From multiple races | 6 (1.7) | 4 (3.5) | |||
Other or prefer not to answer | 7 (2.1) | 4 (3.5) | |||
Hispanic or Latina (n, %) | 25 (7.1) | 10 (8.8) | 0.551 | ||
Marital status (n, %) | |||||
Currently married or living with partner | 346 (98.0) | 112 (98.2) | 0.877 | ||
Currently widowed, divorced, separated, or never married/not living with partner | 7 (2.0) | 2 (1.8) | |||
Highest educational level (n, %) | |||||
High school or less than high school | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0.665 | ||
Some or completed college | 58 (16.4) | 17 (14.9) | |||
Graduate degree | 293 (83.0) | 97 (85.1) | |||
Annual Income (n, %) | |||||
<$50,000 | 36 (10.2) | 16 (14.0) | 0.431 | ||
$50,000–149,999 | 84 (23.8) | 29 (25.4) | |||
$150,000 or more | 233 (66.0) | 69 (60.5) | |||
Residence (n, %) | 0.024 | ||||
Urban | 109 (31.1) | 47 (41.2) | |||
Suburban | 199 (56.7) | 55 (48.2) | |||
Rural | 40 (11.4) | 8 (7.0) | |||
Other | 3 (0.8) | 4 (3.5) | |||
Born in the United States ‡ (n, %) | 302 (86.0) | 87 (76.3) | 0.015 | ||
Parents born in the United States (n, %) | 265 (75.7) | 63 (55.8) | <0.001 | ||
Primary household language English (n, %) | 322 (92.3) | 97 (85.1) | 0.023 | ||
Medical comorbidities (n, %) | |||||
Tobacco use | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 0.568 | ||
Diabetes | 31 (8.8) | 8 (7.1) | 0.559 | ||
Hypertension | 52 (14.8) | 11 (9.6) | 0.161 | ||
Thyroid disease | 26 (7.4) | 9 (7.9) | 0.864 | ||
Asthma | 31 (8.9) | 4 (3.5) | 0.059 | ||
Seizures | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 0.566 | ||
Body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 72 (20.4) | 13 (11.4) | 0.030 | ||
Obstetric characteristics (n, %) | |||||
Gravidity (median, IQR) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.018 | ||
Gravida 1 | 56 (16.0) | 31 (27.4) | 0.026 | ||
Gravida 2 | 130 (37.1) | 37 (32.7) | |||
Gravida 3or greater | 164 (46.9) | 45 (39.8) | |||
First pregnancy (n, %) | 105 (29.8) | 48 (42.1) | 0.014 | ||
Prior miscarriage | 140 (39.7) | 38 (33.3) | 0.227 | ||
Twin pregnancy | 5 (1.4) | 4 (3.5) | 0.162 |
Complication | No Domestic Travel | Domestic Travel | p | No International Travel | International Travel | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 79 | N = 390 | N = 353 | N = 114 | |||
Preterm birth * | 9 (11.4) | 29 (7.6) | 0.257 | 30 (8.6) | 8 (7.1) | 0.610 |
Miscarriage † | 8 (10.3) | 7 (1.8) | <0.001 | 12 (3.4) | 3 (2.7) | 0.697 |
Fetal anomalies ‡ | 3 (3.8) | 13 (3.4) | 0.833 | 13 (3.7) | 3 (2.6) | 0.579 |
Venous thromboembolism § | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) | 0.652 | 0 (0) | 1 (0.9) | 0.077 |
Reason | Domestic Travel, n (%) | International Travel, n (%) |
---|---|---|
N = 390 * | N = 114 | |
Work | 118 (30.4) | 32 (34.8) |
Leisure/vacation | 355 (91.3) | 88 (94.6) |
Family | 300 (77.1) | 73 (78.5) |
Pregnancy or medical | 10 (2.6) | 2 (2.2) |
Family emergency or unplanned travel | 28 (7.2) | 2 (2.2) |
Characteristics | Domestic Travel, n (IQR) | International Travel, n (IQR) |
---|---|---|
N = 390 | N = 114 | |
Duration by car travel, (hours) median (IQR) | 5 (3–8) | 3.5 (2–7) |
Duration by air travel, (hours) median (IQR) | 4 (3–5) | 7 (5–12) |
Number of trips, median (IQR, min-max) | 3 (2–4, 1–5) | 1 (1–1, 1–5) |
Discussion Items | Domestic Travelers n = 390 | International Travelers n = 114 | |
---|---|---|---|
Participant discussed travel plans with OB provider | 170 (44.2) | 69 (61.1) | |
Obstetric provider initiated the conversation and asked about travel * | 6 (3.6) | 2 (2.9) | |
Obstetric provider’s recommendations about travel * | |||
Generally supportive of travel plans * | 126 (74.1) | 55 (79.7) | |
Discouraged travel * | 9 (5.3) | 3 (4.4) | |
Discussed risks and benefits, left decision to pregnant person * | 35 (20.6) | 11 (15.9) | |
Obstetric provider discussed risks and benefits of travel? | |||
Risks of blood clots related to immobility | 97 (78.2) | 38 (86.4) | |
Risk of food or water borne illness | 20 (16.1) | 14 (31.8) | |
Risk of other illnesses | 35 (28.2) | 17 (38.6) | |
Obstetric provider recommended the following | |||
Frequent ambulation * | 127 (74.7) | 46 (66.7) | |
Hydrating * | 130 (76.5) | 48 (69.6) | |
Steps to avoid food and water borne illnesses *, ‡ | 26 (15.3) | 14 (20.3) | |
Steps to avoid mosquito borne illnesses *, ‡ | 42 (25.0) | 22 (31.9) | |
Obstetric provider reviewed the following | |||
Signs of blood clots * | 83 (48.8) | 30 (43.5) | |
Symptoms of travel related illnesses * | 28 (16.5) | 15 (21.7) | |
Whether Zika was a concern *, ‡ | 40 (23.6) | 21 (30.4) |
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Nechval, L.H.; Antony, K.M. Travel during Pregnancy: A Web-Based Survey of People Who Have Been Pregnant within the Past 10 Years. Reprod. Med. 2023, 4, 166-179. https://doi.org/10.3390/reprodmed4030016
Nechval LH, Antony KM. Travel during Pregnancy: A Web-Based Survey of People Who Have Been Pregnant within the Past 10 Years. Reproductive Medicine. 2023; 4(3):166-179. https://doi.org/10.3390/reprodmed4030016
Chicago/Turabian StyleNechval, Lada H., and Kathleen M. Antony. 2023. "Travel during Pregnancy: A Web-Based Survey of People Who Have Been Pregnant within the Past 10 Years" Reproductive Medicine 4, no. 3: 166-179. https://doi.org/10.3390/reprodmed4030016
APA StyleNechval, L. H., & Antony, K. M. (2023). Travel during Pregnancy: A Web-Based Survey of People Who Have Been Pregnant within the Past 10 Years. Reproductive Medicine, 4(3), 166-179. https://doi.org/10.3390/reprodmed4030016