A Review of Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus) Literature to Direct Future Health Monitoring Initiatives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Disease Classification
3.1.1. Infectious Disease
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Metazoan Parasites
Protozoan Parasites
3.1.2. Non-Infectious Disease
Neoplasia
Toxins and Contaminants
Trauma: Anthropogenic
Trauma Non-Anthropogenic/Unknown Source
Other
3.2. Health Classification
4. Discussion
“Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.”- Carl Sagan
- General characteristics of the condition in question (e.g., susceptible hosts, reservoirs, speed of spread, virulence, pathogenicity, and immune response);
- Animal health impacts (e.g., morbidity, mortality, reproductive consequences, and welfare considerations);
- Public health impacts (e.g., transmissibility to humans, severity of human disease, opportunities for human protection, food safety and security, bio/agroterrorism potential, spread amongst humans, and economic consequences);
- Regulatory impacts (e.g., local, federal, or international trade consequences);
- Mitigation (e.g., diagnosis, prevention, and treatment).
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Contaminant | US | Japan |
---|---|---|
Heavy metals (e.g., mercury, cadmium, arsenic, silver, vanadium) | [51,52,53,54,55,56,57] | [52,57,58,59,60] |
Microplastics | [61] | |
Persistent organic pollutants (e.g., PCB, DDT, PBDEs) | [62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70] | [71,72,73,74] |
Radiocesium | [75] |
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Cortés, V.; Patyk, K.; Simeone, C.; Johnson, V.; Vega, J.; Savage, K.; Duncan, C. A Review of Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus) Literature to Direct Future Health Monitoring Initiatives. Oceans 2022, 3, 303-318. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans3030021
Cortés V, Patyk K, Simeone C, Johnson V, Vega J, Savage K, Duncan C. A Review of Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus) Literature to Direct Future Health Monitoring Initiatives. Oceans. 2022; 3(3):303-318. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans3030021
Chicago/Turabian StyleCortés, Valerie, Kelly Patyk, Claire Simeone, Valerie Johnson, Johanna Vega, Kate Savage, and Colleen Duncan. 2022. "A Review of Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus) Literature to Direct Future Health Monitoring Initiatives" Oceans 3, no. 3: 303-318. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans3030021
APA StyleCortés, V., Patyk, K., Simeone, C., Johnson, V., Vega, J., Savage, K., & Duncan, C. (2022). A Review of Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus) Literature to Direct Future Health Monitoring Initiatives. Oceans, 3(3), 303-318. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans3030021