Effects of Experimental Ocean Acidification on the Larval Morphology and Metabolism of a Temperate Sparid, Chrysoblephus laticeps
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Spawning, Egg Incubation and Larval Rearing
2.2. Water Chemistry
2.3. Developmental Stages and Oxygen Consumption Measurements
2.4. Morphometrics
2.5. Data Preparation
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of pCO2 on Metabolic Rates of Developing Larvae
3.2. Effect of pCO2 on Larval Morphometrics
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control | High pCO2 | |
---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) | 19.51 ± 0.59 | 18.91 ± 0.81 |
pHNBS | 8.01 ± 0.05 | 7.62 ± 0.05 |
Salinity | 36.78 ± 0.79 | 36.76 ± 0.79 |
DO (mg/L) | 7.71 ± 0.47 | 7.80 ± 0.47 |
TA µmol kg−1 SW | 2007.38 ± 166.28 | 2007.38 ± 166.28 |
pCO2 (µatm) | 490.16 ± 37.05 | 1436.18 ± 139.79 |
ΩCa | 3.81 ± 0.38 | 1.60 ± 0.17 |
ΩAr | 2.48 ± 0.25 | 1.04 ± 0.12 |
Mean ± SD | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Developmental Stage | DAH | pCO2 Treatment | n | RMRmin | RMRroutine | RMRmax | RAS |
Hatchling | 0–2 | Control | 39 | 1.44 ± 0.70 | 1.91 ± 0.82 | 6.23 ± 2.26 | 4.79 ± 2.05 |
High | 44 | 1.32 ± 0.65 | 1.95 ± 0.81 | 6.44 ± 2.56 | 5.12 ± 2.41 | ||
Early preflexion | 7–8 | Control | 17 | 2.61 ± 1.85 | 4.45 ± 3.03 | 12.69 ± 5.79 | 10.08 ± 4.84 |
High | 21 | 1.88 ± 1.34 | 3.39 ± 2.18 | 10.15 ± 3.74 | 8.27 ± 2.85 | ||
Late preflexion | 13 | Control | 4 | 9.47 ± 5.42 | 14.68 ± 2.82 | 29.76 ± 7.21 | 20.29 ± 11.38 |
High | 4 | 5.81 ± 2.00 | 10.49 ± 1.59 | 25.62 ± 9.40 | 19.81 ± 9.43 | ||
Flexion | 21 | Control | 4 | 22.51 ± 23.26 | 39.10 ± 32.51 | 83.56 ± 39.6 | 61.05 ± 27.29 |
High | 6 | 58.25 ± 28.44 | 87.10 ± 31.22 | 126.32 ± 28.5 | 68.07 ± 31.65 |
Metabolic Rate | Effect | Estimate | Std. Error | t Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RMRmin Pseudo-R2 0.713 AIC 167.615 | Intercept | 1.139 | 0.072 | 15.831 | 0.000 |
Treatment | −0.021 | 0.101 | −0.206 | 0.839 | |
DAH | 6.004 | 0.772 | 7.781 | 0.000 | |
DAH2 | 0.675 | 0.793 | 0.852 | 0.400 | |
Treatment: DAH | 2.737 | 1.117 | 2.451 | 0.020 | |
Treatment: DAH2 | 2.840 | 1.126 | 2.522 | 0.017 | |
RMRroutine Pseudo-R2 0.811 AIC 151.571 | Intercept | 1.457 | 0.056 | 25.801 | 0.000 |
Treatment | −0.017 | 0.078 | −0.224 | 0.830 | |
DAH | 8.201 | 0.628 | 13.066 | 0.000 | |
DAH2 | 0.903 | 0.631 | 1.431 | 0.159 | |
Treatment: DAH | 1.696 | 0.874 | 1.939 | 0.060 | |
Treatment: DAH2 | 2.404 | 0.877 | 2.742 | 0.009 | |
RMRmax Pseudo-R2 0.827 AIC 101.548 | Intercept | 2.376 | 0.054 | 44.096 | 0.000 |
Treatment | −0.046 | 0.076 | −0.612 | 0.545 | |
DAH | 8.134 | 0.584 | 13.936 | 0.000 | |
DAH2 | 0.364 | 0.597 | 0.610 | 0.545 | |
Treatment: DAH | 0.705 | 0.840 | 0.840 | 0.406 | |
Treatment: DAH2 | 1.763 | 0.846 | 2.084 | 0.043 | |
RAS Pseudo-R2 0.758 AIC 135.773 | Intercept | 2.129 | 0.056 | 38.294 | 0.000 |
Treatment | −0.033 | 0.077 | −0.430 | 0.670 | |
DAH | 7.744 | 0.620 | 12.495 | 0.000 | |
DAH2 | 0.414 | 0.628 | 0.660 | 0.512 | |
Treatment: DAH | −0.005 | 0.876 | −0.005 | 0.996 | |
Treatment: DAH2 | 0.949 | 0.881 | 1.078 | 0.287 |
Metric | Effect | Estimate | Std. Error | t Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standard length Pseudo-R2 0.830 AIC −11.382 | Intercept | 2.720 | 0.039 | 69.581 | 0.000 |
Treatment | −0.006 | 0.053 | −0.108 | 0.915 | |
DAH | 3.942 | 0.343 | 11.484 | 0.000 | |
DAH2 | −0.932 | 0.347 | −2.689 | 0.010 | |
Treatment: DAH | 0.386 | 0.470 | 0.821 | 0.419 | |
Treatment: DAH2 | 1.317 | 0.462 | 2.850 | 0.008 | |
Depth at vent * Pseudo-R2 0.765 AIC 123.086 | Intercept | −0.025 | 0.121 | −0.205 | 0.844 |
Treatment | 0.005 | 0.169 | 0.028 | 0.979 | |
DAH | 7.260 | 0.745 | 9.742 | 0.000 | |
DAH2 | −1.239 | 0.773 | −1.603 | 0.117 | |
Treatment: DAH | 1.107 | 1.028 | 1.077 | 0.291 | |
Treatment: DAH2 | 3.365 | 1.021 | 3.296 | 0.002 |
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Muller, C.; Childs, A.-R.; James, N.C.; Potts, W.M. Effects of Experimental Ocean Acidification on the Larval Morphology and Metabolism of a Temperate Sparid, Chrysoblephus laticeps. Oceans 2021, 2, 26-40. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans2010002
Muller C, Childs A-R, James NC, Potts WM. Effects of Experimental Ocean Acidification on the Larval Morphology and Metabolism of a Temperate Sparid, Chrysoblephus laticeps. Oceans. 2021; 2(1):26-40. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans2010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuller, Cuen, Amber-Robyn Childs, Nicola C. James, and Warren M. Potts. 2021. "Effects of Experimental Ocean Acidification on the Larval Morphology and Metabolism of a Temperate Sparid, Chrysoblephus laticeps" Oceans 2, no. 1: 26-40. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans2010002