Data-Driven Analysis Exploring the Development of Empathy in an Iranian Context
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Empathy Development in Childhood
1.2. Empathy Development in Adolescence and Adulthood
1.3. Gender Differences in Empathy
1.4. Purpose of the Study: Examining Iranian Empathy Data from Bayesian Perspective
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Interpersonal Reactivity Index
2.2.2. Empathy Quotient
2.2.3. Questionnaire Measure of Emotional Empathy
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Analysis Plans
2.4.1. Bayesian Model Averaging
2.4.2. Model Evaluation and Comparison
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Gender
4.2. Developmental Factors
4.3. Methodological Implications
5. Limitations and Directions for Future Studies
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Participants (N = 510) | ||
---|---|---|
Mean | SD | |
Age | 28.31 | 9.86 |
n | % | |
Gender | ||
Male | 123 | 24.12% |
Female | 387 | 75.88% |
Educational level | ||
High school | 105 | 20.59% |
Undergraduate | 296 | 58.04% |
Graduate | 109 | 21.37% |
Marital Status | ||
Single | 312 | 61.18% |
Married | 184 | 36.08% |
Divorced | 14 | 2.75% |
Have children | ||
Yes | 109 | 21.37% |
No | 401 | 78.63% |
City size | ||
Small | 169 | 33.14% |
Medium | 69 | 13.53% |
Large | 232 | 45.49% |
Living out of Iran | 40 | 7.84% |
Female | Age | No Child | Education (Reference Group: High School) | Marital Status (Reference Group: Single) | City Size (Reference Group: Small) | Posterior Probability | Adjusted R2 | AIC | BIC | Log Bayes Factor (vs. Null) | LOOCV RMSE | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Associate Degree | Undergraduate | Graduate | Married | Divorced | Widow | Medium | Big | Out of Country | |||||||||||
IRI-EC | Model 1 (most probable) | + | + | + | + | 62.40% | 16.41% | 2798.09 | 2823.49 | 38.37 | 3.75 | ||||||||
Model 2 (+ female) | + | + | + | + | + | 11.10% | 16.70% | 2797.30 | 2826.94 | 37.56 | 3.75 | ||||||||
Model 3 (full model) | 0 | + | 0 | + | + | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | − | 16.10% | 2806.85 | 2861.90 | 29.67 | 3.78 | |
IRI-PD | Model 1 (most probable) | + | - | 36.10% | 4.55% | 2991.04 | 3007.97 | 7.94 | 4.53 | ||||||||||
Model 2 (+ divorced) | + | - | + | 28.70% | 5.43% | 2987.26 | 3008.43 | 8.79 | 4.52 | ||||||||||
Model 3 (full model) | + | - | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | − | 5.58% | 2994.34 | 3049.39 | 1.02 | 4.55 | |
Empathy Quotient | Model 1 (most probable) | + | + | 47.40% | 4.97% | 3635.36 | 3652.30 | 9.27 | 8.53 | ||||||||||
Model 2 (- graduate) | + | 21.20% | 3.69% | 3641.19 | 3653.90 | 7.49 | 8.58 | ||||||||||||
Model 3 (+ undergraduate) | + | + | + | 10.50% | 5.39% | 3634.13 | 3655.30 | 9.00 | 8.51 | ||||||||||
Model 4 (full model) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | − | 5.05% | 3643.82 | 3698.87 | −0.71 | 8.60 | |
Emotional Empathy | Model 1 (most probable) | + | + | + | + | 31.40% | 14.38% | 4563.48 | 4588.89 | 31.91 | 21.18 | ||||||||
Model 2 (+ female) | + | + | + | + | + | 21.90% | 15.13% | 4559.96 | 4589.61 | 32.43 | 21.12 | ||||||||
Model 3 (+ gender, married) | + | + | + | + | + | 13.60% | 14.97% | 4560.92 | 4590.56 | 32.33 | 21.13 | ||||||||
Model 4 (full model) | + | 0 | 0 | + | + | + | + | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | − | 15.50% | 4563.67 | 4618.72 | 27.17 | 21.20 |
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Yaghoubi Jami, P.; Han, H. Data-Driven Analysis Exploring the Development of Empathy in an Iranian Context. Psych 2022, 4, 901-917. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych4040067
Yaghoubi Jami P, Han H. Data-Driven Analysis Exploring the Development of Empathy in an Iranian Context. Psych. 2022; 4(4):901-917. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych4040067
Chicago/Turabian StyleYaghoubi Jami, Parvaneh, and Hyemin Han. 2022. "Data-Driven Analysis Exploring the Development of Empathy in an Iranian Context" Psych 4, no. 4: 901-917. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych4040067
APA StyleYaghoubi Jami, P., & Han, H. (2022). Data-Driven Analysis Exploring the Development of Empathy in an Iranian Context. Psych, 4(4), 901-917. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych4040067