Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Four Moroccan North Middle Atlas Medicinal Plants’ Essential Oils: Rosmarinus officinalis L., Mentha pulegium L., Salvia officinalis L., and Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis (Boiss.) R. Morales
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plants Material Collection and Preparation
2.2. Biological Material
2.3. Extraction and Analysis of EO Plants
2.3.1. Hydrodistillation Extraction of EO Plants
2.3.2. GC/MS Analysis of EO Plants
2.4. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) and Minimum Fungicide Concentrations (MFC) of the EO of Plants
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Yields of EOs Plants
3.2. The Chemical Analysis of the Plant EO
3.3. Antimicrobial Activity
3.3.1. Antibacterial Activity
3.3.2. Antifungal Activity
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Microorganism | Reference | |
---|---|---|
Fungi | Candida albicans | C. a |
Candida dubliniensis | C. d | |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Sac. c | |
Aspergillus niger | Asp. n | |
Candida tropicalis | C. t | |
Candida krusei | C. kr | |
Candida parapsilosis | C. par | |
Bacteria | Staphylococcus epidermidis | 5994 |
Staphylococcus aureus BLACT | 4IH2510 | |
Streptococcus agalactiae (B) | 7DT1887 | |
Escherichia coli sauvage | 3DT1938 | |
Escherichia coli BLSE | 2DT2057 | |
Enterobacter cloacae | 02EV317 | |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 3DT1823 | |
Proteus mirabilis | 2DS5461 | |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 2DT2138 |
IK | Chemical Compositions | R. officinalis | M. pulegium | S. officinalis | T. zygis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 926 | Tricyclene | 0.2 | --- | --- | --- |
2 | 930 | α-Thujene | 0.3 | --- | --- | 0.8 |
3 | 939 | α-Pinene | 9.5 | 0.2 | 8.1 | --- |
4 | 952 | 3-Methyl cyclohexanone | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- |
5 | 954 | Camphene | 4.5 | 0.3 | 3.2 | 0.7 |
6 | 960 | Thuja-2,4-diene | --- | ---- | ---- | --- |
7 | 967 | Verbenene | --- | --- | --- | |
8 | 979 | ß-Pinene | 5.2 | --- | 1.1 | 0.1 |
9 | 983 | Octanone | 0.1 | --- | 0.4 | |
10 | 990 | Myrcene | 0.5 | --- | 1.0 | 0.6 |
11 | 991 | Octanol | 0.3 | --- | --- | |
12 | 1002 | α-Phellandrene | 0.1 | --- | --- | 0.1 |
13 | 1011 | ẟ-3-Carene | -- | --- | --- | --- |
14 | 1017 | α-Terpene | 0.5 | --- | 0.3 | --- |
15 | 1024 | p-Cymène | 1.2 | --- | --- | --- |
16 | 1026 | Cymene | --- | 0.5 | 23.5 | |
17 | 1029 | Limonene | --- | 2.0 | 1.3 | 0.4 |
18 | 1031 | 1,8-Cineole | 43.8 | 0.1 | 16.8 | 0.5 |
19 | 1152 | Menthone | --- | 4.3 | --- | --- |
20 | 1155 | Isopulegol | 0.3 | --- | --- | |
21 | 1059 | γ-Terpinene | 0.7 | --- | 0.4 | 2.9 |
22 | 1162 | Menthone | 10.9 | --- | --- | |
23 | 1070 | 2-Methyl-5-propan-2-ylbicyclohexan-2-ol | 0.2 | --- | --- | 0.1 |
24 | 1072 | Linalool oxide-cis | 0.1 | |||
25 | 1086 | Fenchone | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 |
26 | 1088 | Terpinolene | 0.2 | --- | 0.1 | 0.3 |
27 | 1096 | Linalool | 0.6 | --- | --- | --- |
28 | 1102 | Thujone-cis | --- | --- | 3.1 | --- |
29 | 1114 | Thujone-trans | --- | --- | 15.9 | --- |
30 | 1022 | Dehydrosabinaketone | --- | --- | --- | --- |
31 | 1133 | 2-(4-Méthyl-2,4-cyclohexadiényl)-2 propanol | --- | --- | ---- | --- |
32 | 1138 | Iso-3-Thujanol | --- | --- | --- | --- |
33 | 1146 | Camphor | 18.7 | ---- | 11.7 | 2.2 |
34 | 1153 | Neo-3-Tujanol | --- | ---- | 0.1 | ---- |
35 | 1164 | 1,3,4-Trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde | --- | 0.4 | ---- | ---- |
36 | 1169 | Borneol | 5.9 | ---- | 0.9 | 0.1 |
37 | 1171 | Menthol | --- | 0.3 | ----- | ----- |
38 | 1177 | Terpenen-4-ol | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 2.5 |
39 | 1188 | α-Terpineol | 3.7 | 2.7 | --- | 0.6 |
40 | 1243 | Carvone | --- | 0.50 | --- | ---- |
41 | 1254 | Piperitone epoxy | --- | 0.10 | ---- | ---- |
42 | 1229 | Pulegol-cis | --- | 1.0 | ---- | ---- |
43 | 1237 | Pulegone | --- | 32.8 | ---- | 0.1 |
44 | 1239 | Isobornylformate | --- | --- | --- | --- |
45 | 1252 | Piperitone | --- | 7.9 | ---- | ---- |
46 | 1285 | Bornylacetate | 1.6 | --- | 0.5 | ---- |
47 | 1290 | Thymol | 36.4 | |||
48 | 1299 | Carvacrol | --- | --- | 0.5 | 24.1 |
49 | 1304 | Methyl acetate | 0.03 | --- | ---- | |
50 | 1309 | 4-Vinylgaïacol | 0.04 | --- | ---- | |
51 | 1343 | Piperitenone | 32.93 | --- | --- | |
52 | 1388 | ß-Bourbonene | 0.02 | --- | --- | |
53 | 1408 | Caryophyllene-cis | 0.15 | --- | --- | |
54 | 1419 | Caryophyllene-trans | 0.5 | --- | 12.6 | 1.4 |
55 | 1441 | Aromandendrene | --- | --- | 0.6 | --- |
56 | 1454 | α-Humelene | 0.3 | 8.2 | --- | |
57 | 1481 | Delta-Germacrene | --- | 0.1 | --- | --- |
58 | 1496 | Viridiflorene | --- | --- | 0.3 | --- |
59 | 1513 | Cadinene | --- | --- | ---- | 0.1 |
60 | 1515 | Cubebol | --- | --- | --- | |
61 | 1523 | ß-Cadinene | --- | --- | 0.2 | 0.1 |
62 | 1578 | Spathulenol | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- |
63 | 1583 | Caryophyllene oxide | 0.2 | --- | 0.5 | 0.5 |
64 | 1592 | Viridiflorol | --- | --- | 7.4 | --- |
66 | 1608 | Humulene epoxide II | --- | 0.6 | --- | |
67 | 1641 | Aromandendrene epoxy | --- | --- | 0.2 | ---- |
68 | 1644 | Selina-3,11-dien-6-α ol | --- | --- | 0.2 | --- |
69 | 1686 | Germacra4(15),5,10(14)-trien-1-α-ol | 0.1 | |||
70 | 1729 | Longifolol | 0.1 | |||
71 | 2060 | 13-Epimanool | --- | --- | 1.3 | --- |
72 | 2100 | Heneicosan | 0.2 | --- | --- | |
73 | 2200 | Docosene | 0.2 | --- | --- | |
Percentage of monoterpene hydrocarbons % | 22.38 | 2.49 | 16.006 | 29.94 | ||
Percent Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons % | 0.24 | 0.54 | 21.82 | 1.54 | ||
Percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes % | 75.3 | 94.83 | 50.54 | 67.51 | ||
Percentage of oxygenated sesquiterpene % | 0.84 | 0.14 | 9.71 | 0.83 | ||
Total % | 99.16 | 98.19 | 98.076 | 99.82 |
Microrganisms | Reference | R. officinalis | M. puleguim | S. officinalis | T. zygis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | |||
Gram-positive bacteria | S. epidermidis | 5994 | 5000 | 5000 | >5000 | >5000 | 5000 | >5000 | 1200 | 2500 |
S. aureus BLACT | 4IH2510 | 1200 | 2500 | 2500 | 5000 | 5000 | 5000 | 1200 | 2500 | |
S. agalactiae (B) | 7DT1887 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | 600 | 1200 | 300 | 600 | |
Gram negative bacteria | Wild-type E. coli | 3DT1938 | >5000 | >5000 | 1200 | 2500 | >5000 | >5000 | 300 | 600 |
E. coli BLSE | 2DT2057 | 5000 | 5000 | >5000 | >5000 | 2500 | 5000 | 5000 | 5000 | |
E. cloacae | 02EV317 | 600 | 1200 | 300 | 600 | 150 | 300 | 40 | 70 | |
K. pneumoniae | 3DT1823 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | 600 | 1200 | |
P. mirabilis | 2DS5461 | >5000 | >5000 | 2500 | 5000 | >5000 | >5000 | 2500 | 2500 | |
P. aeruginosa | 2DT2138 | >5000 | >5000 | 1200 | 2500 | 2500 | 5000 | 2500 | 5000 |
Micro-Organisme | R. officinalis | M. puleguim | S. officinalis | T. zygis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | |
C. albicans | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | 1200 | 1200 |
C. dubliniensis | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | 1200 | 1200 |
C. tropicalis | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | 1200 | 1200 |
C. krusei | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | 2500 | 2500 |
C. parapsilosis | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | 2500 | 5000 | 300 | 600 |
S. cerevisiae | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | 1200 | 1200 |
A. niger | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | >5000 | 1200 | 2500 | 300 | 600 |
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Gourich, A.A.; Bencheikh, N.; Bouhrim, M.; Regragui, M.; Rhafouri, R.; Drioiche, A.; Asbabou, A.; Remok, F.; Mouradi, A.; Addi, M.; et al. Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Four Moroccan North Middle Atlas Medicinal Plants’ Essential Oils: Rosmarinus officinalis L., Mentha pulegium L., Salvia officinalis L., and Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis (Boiss.) R. Morales. Chemistry 2022, 4, 1775-1788. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry4040115
Gourich AA, Bencheikh N, Bouhrim M, Regragui M, Rhafouri R, Drioiche A, Asbabou A, Remok F, Mouradi A, Addi M, et al. Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Four Moroccan North Middle Atlas Medicinal Plants’ Essential Oils: Rosmarinus officinalis L., Mentha pulegium L., Salvia officinalis L., and Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis (Boiss.) R. Morales. Chemistry. 2022; 4(4):1775-1788. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry4040115
Chicago/Turabian StyleGourich, Aman Allah, Noureddine Bencheikh, Mohamed Bouhrim, Mohamed Regragui, Rachid Rhafouri, Aziz Drioiche, Ayoub Asbabou, Firdaous Remok, Aicha Mouradi, Mohamed Addi, and et al. 2022. "Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Four Moroccan North Middle Atlas Medicinal Plants’ Essential Oils: Rosmarinus officinalis L., Mentha pulegium L., Salvia officinalis L., and Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis (Boiss.) R. Morales" Chemistry 4, no. 4: 1775-1788. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry4040115