Increased Preparedness During the 2025 Santorini–Amorgos (Greece) Earthquake Swarm and Comparative Insights from Recent Cases for Civil Protection and Disaster Risk Reduction
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Institutional Framework for Disaster Prevention and Management in Greece
3.1. The Legal Framework of the Civil Protection in Greece
3.2. Phases and Actions of the Civil Protection Mobilization System for Earthquakes in Greece
4. The Early 2025 Santorini–Amorgos Seismic Sequence and Its Secondary Environmental Effects
4.1. Geodynamic and Seismotectonic Setting of Santorini–Amorgos Area
4.2. Evolution of the 2025 Seismic Crisis and Its Seismological Properties
4.3. Secondary Earthquake Environmental Effects
5. Increased Preparedness Actions for an Imminent Earthquake
5.1. Risk Communication
5.1.1. Joint Meetings of Seismic and Volcanic Risk Assessment Committees and Dissemination of Related Information to the Population
- Suspension of educational activities across all institutional levels (kindergartens, nurseries, primary and secondary schools);
- Avoidance of large gatherings in enclosed spaces;
- Avoidance of approaching old, abandoned, and unstable masonry buildings;
- Restriction of access to and presence in the ports of the Santorini Caldera without permission from the port authorities;
- Removal of hazardous non-structural elements from buildings, including residential buildings and tourist facilities;
- Guidelines for the selection of safe routes when traveling along roads through urban and rural areas, particularly in areas close to steep slopes characterized by high susceptibility to landslides;
- Guidelines for the immediate evacuation of coastal areas in the event of strong earthquakes.
5.1.2. Awareness Raising and Education Actions
5.2. Strengthening the Operational Capabilities of Security Forces on the Affected Islands
5.2.1. Contribution of the Hellenic Fire Service
5.2.2. Contribution of the Hellenic Police
5.2.3. Contribution of the Port Authorities
5.2.4. Contribution of the Hellenic Armed Forces
5.3. Strengthening Health Services in Earthquake-Affected Islands
5.4. Contribution of Public Utility Services
5.5. Informing the Population of Earthquake-Affected Islands Through the European Emergency Number, 112
5.6. Actions of Municipal Authorities in Cooperation with Civil Protection Authorities and Operational Structures
5.6.1. Update of the Local Emergency Plan
- Terrain morphology: Preference for plains and open fields, avoiding ravines and residential areas;
- Proximity to existing routes: Ensuring short and safe travel from residential areas to emergency shelters;
- Evacuation routes: Access to the nearest roads leading from emergency shelters to the airport, bays, and coastal embarkation points in case an island-wide evacuation is necessary;
- Tsunami risk mitigation: Selection of locations that minimize exposure to potential tsunami threats.
5.6.2. Dissemination of Earthquake Information and Preventive Civil Protection Measures to Population
5.6.3. Pre-Seismic Inspection of Critical Infrastructures
5.6.4. Installation of Warning Signs and Restriction of Access to Vulnerable Areas
5.7. Declaration of the Affected Islands in an Emergency State and Measures for Supporting the Local Economy
5.8. Ministerial Decisions on the Mitigation of the Impact of Earthquakes and Risk Reduction
- Restriction of access to and presence in ports, their adjacent areas, and surrounding offshore zones, unless specifically authorized by port authorities;
- Restriction of access to and movement on certain parts of the road network and footpaths;
- Restriction of access to designated zones within settlements (Figure 10);
- Suspension of operations for residential buildings, hotels, and healthcare facilities in affected areas;
- Prohibition of all vehicle traffic in specific sections of the road network.
5.9. Activities of Volunteer Teams for the General Population and Vulnerable Groups
5.10. Web Platform for Safe Emergency Shelters
6. Previous Crises in the Santorini Volcanic Complex and Increased Preparedness in Anticipation of an Imminent Disaster
- the continuous monitoring and evaluation of scientific data related to the activity of the Santorini volcano;
- the immediate consultation with and recommendation to the EPPO regarding protection measures;
- recommendation to the EPPO regarding actions to maintain the continuous operation of scientific equipment and monitoring instruments, ensuring the collection of necessary data for volcanic activity monitoring.
7. Discussion
7.1. Comparison of 2011–2012 and 2025 Seismic Crisis Management
7.2. Adequacy of Implemented Measures During the Early 2025 Seismic Sequence
7.3. Similarities, Differences, and Shared Lessons of Increased Preparedness in Santorini–Amorgos Among Recent Cases: The 2024–2025 Ethiopia Seismic Swarms and the Highly Anticipated Istanbul (Turkey) Earthquake
7.4. Further Proposed Measures to Reduce Risk
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
EEWS | Earthquake Early Warning Systems |
EPPO | Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization |
UNOCHA | United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |
ECHO | European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations |
WBG | World Bank Group |
GSCP | General Secretariat for Civil Protection |
MCCCP | Ministry of Climate Crisis and Civil Protection |
SAR | Search and Rescue |
SL-NKUA | Seismological Laboratory—National and Kapodistrian University of Athens |
SDMU | Special Disaster Management Unit |
UAS | Unmanned Aircraft Systems |
NCEA | National Center for Emergency Assistance |
HRC | Hellenic Red Cross |
GPS | Global Positioning System |
WASH | Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |
GBV | Gender-Based Violence |
NGO | Non-governmental Organizations |
UN | United Nations |
IDP | Internally Displaced Person |
GFDRR | Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery |
ISMEP | Istanbul Seismic Risk Mitigation Project |
TTE | Table-Top Exercise |
FSE | Full-Scale Exercise |
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Mavroulis, S.; Mavrouli, M.; Sarantopoulou, A.; Antonarakou, A.; Lekkas, E. Increased Preparedness During the 2025 Santorini–Amorgos (Greece) Earthquake Swarm and Comparative Insights from Recent Cases for Civil Protection and Disaster Risk Reduction. GeoHazards 2025, 6, 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards6020032
Mavroulis S, Mavrouli M, Sarantopoulou A, Antonarakou A, Lekkas E. Increased Preparedness During the 2025 Santorini–Amorgos (Greece) Earthquake Swarm and Comparative Insights from Recent Cases for Civil Protection and Disaster Risk Reduction. GeoHazards. 2025; 6(2):32. https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards6020032
Chicago/Turabian StyleMavroulis, Spyridon, Maria Mavrouli, Andromachi Sarantopoulou, Assimina Antonarakou, and Efthymios Lekkas. 2025. "Increased Preparedness During the 2025 Santorini–Amorgos (Greece) Earthquake Swarm and Comparative Insights from Recent Cases for Civil Protection and Disaster Risk Reduction" GeoHazards 6, no. 2: 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards6020032
APA StyleMavroulis, S., Mavrouli, M., Sarantopoulou, A., Antonarakou, A., & Lekkas, E. (2025). Increased Preparedness During the 2025 Santorini–Amorgos (Greece) Earthquake Swarm and Comparative Insights from Recent Cases for Civil Protection and Disaster Risk Reduction. GeoHazards, 6(2), 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards6020032