On the Technical Performance Characteristics of Horticultural Lamps
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Light Sources
2.2. Measurement Equipment
2.3. Environmental Conditions
2.4. Calibration
2.5. Definitions and Calculations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Every light source tested had unique performance characteristics, including their spectral outputs.
- The PPF efficacy of a light source is but one performance characteristic that should be considered.
- A spectroradiometer is needed in order to assess the spectral output of a light source.
- Changing the definition of PAR will make it more difficult to compare published results that used the current definition for PAR (400–700 nm) with results published based on the extended definition for PAR (ePAR, 400–750 nm).
- The sooner the scientific community can agree on definitions that describe key performance characteristics (e.g., waveband ranges, photosynthetically active radiation), the less confusion there will be when these performance characteristics are used to make plant lighting decisions.
- Due to the rapidly improving LED technology, it is critically important to have a consistent system for measuring and reporting lamp characteristics.
- Due to the challenges involved, commercial growers are encouraged to experiment with new light sources on a small growing area, before deciding to scale up to large production areas.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Manufacturer and Model | Type | Code |
---|---|---|---|
1 | GE Warm White 3000 K (electronic ballast, instant start) | Fluorescent, bare twin tubes, F32T8 | FWW |
2 | GE Cool White 4100 K (electronic ballast, instant start) | Fluorescent, bare twin tubes, F32T8 | FCW |
3 | GE Daylight 6500 K (electronic ballast, instant start) | Fluorescent, bare twin tubes, F32T8 | FDL |
4 | Osram SOX (magnetic ballast) | LPS (90 W, bare bayonet bulb, horizontal) | LPS |
5 | Sun Systems LEC 315 (Ceramic Metal Halide) | CMH (315 W, mogul Elite Agro bulb, vertical) | CMH |
6 | iPower (electronic ballast) | MH (400 W, bare mogul GLBULBM400 bulb, horizontal) | MH |
7 | Gavita Pro 600e SE (electronic ballast) | HPS (600 W, mogul bulb, horizontal) | HPS-600 |
8 | Gavita Pro 750e DE (electronic ballast) | HPS (750 W, double ended bulb, horizontal) | HPS-750 |
9 | PARSource (electronic ballast) | HPS (1000 W, double ended Agrosun bulb, horizontal) | HPS-1000 |
10 | Fluence VYPR X Plus | LED (passively cooled, white) | LED-PCW1 |
11 | GE Arize Element L1000 | LED (passively cooled, magenta) | LED-PCM |
12 | Philips GreenPower LED Toplight | LED (passively cooled, magenta, low blue) | LED-PCMLB |
13 | Valoya Model R150 NS1 | LED (passively cooled, white) | LED-PCW2 |
14 | Heliospectra LX602 G | LED (fan cooled; operated at 100% red, 100% blue, and 100% white output) | LED-FCRBW1 |
15 | Illumitex PowerHarvest 10 Series Wide | LED (fan cooled; F1 Spectrum) | LED-FCM1 |
16 | Lumigrow Pro 650e | LED (fan cooled; operated at 100% red, 100% blue, and 100% white output) | LED-FCRBW2 |
17 | Osram Zelion HL300 Grow Light | LED (fan cooled, magenta) | LED-FCM2 |
18 | Lemnis Oreon Grow Light 2.1 | LED (water cooled, magenta, operated with a water flow rate of 7.6 Lpm) | LED-WCM |
Sunlight | Solar noon, near summer solstice | SUN |
No. | Code | Volt (VAC) | Current (Amp) | Power (Electric Watt) | Power Factor (-) | Luminous Flux (lm) | CCT (K) | CRI (Ra) | Radiant Watt (400–700 nm) | PPF (µmol/s) (400–700 nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | FWW | 120.0 | 0.8 | 56.7 | 0.58 | 4182 | 2980 | 85 | 11.3 | 53.0 |
2 | FCW | 120.0 | 0.8 | 55.9 | 0.58 | 4039 | 3975 | 82 | 11.3 | 51.6 |
3 | FDL | 120.0 | 0.8 | 56.2 | 0.58 | 3930 | 6462 | 83 | 12.4 | 54.5 |
4 | LPS | 120.0 | 1.3 | 154.3 | 0.98 | 12,238 | 1785 | −43 | 23.5 | 115.9 |
5 | CMH | 277.0 | 1.2 | 339.4 | 0.99 | 29,508 | 2965 | 91 | 110.6 | 535.0 |
6 | MH | 120.0 | 3.7 | 441.8 | 1.00 | 28,990 | 5713 | 69 | 91.2 | 402.2 |
7 | HPS-600 | 120.0 | 5.3 | 635.8 | 1.00 | 72,097 | 1922 | 36 | 193.6 | 968.8 |
8 | HPS-750 | 208.1 | 4.3 | 888.5 | 0.99 | 95,598 | 2027 | 50 | 277.4 | 1395.4 |
9 | HPS-1000 | 120.0 | 9.0 | 1076.7 | 1.00 | 121,425 | 1965 | 41 | 341.9 | 1714.1 |
10 | LED-PCW1 | 120.0 | 4.3 | 513.8 | 0.99 | 64,773 | 5464 | 91 | 224.7 | 1036.0 |
11 | LED-PCM | 119.9 | 5.2 | 617.3 | 1.00 | 16,328 | 1000 | −44 | 307.6 | 1635.2 |
12 | LED-PCMLB | 208.0 | 1.0 | 215.7 | 1.00 | 4906 | 1064 | −83 | 98.3 | 515.9 |
13 | LED-PCW2 | 120.0 | 1.1 | 133.3 | 1.00 | 12,480 | 4949 | 80 | 41.0 | 191.4 |
14 | LED-FCRBW1 | 120.0 | 5.3 | 622.9 | 0.99 | 19,060 | 22,000 | −6 | 152.7 | 749.0 |
15 | LED-FCM1 | 120.0 | 4.3 | 510.4 | 1.00 | 8429 | 22,000 | −282 | 175.7 | 873.7 |
16 | LED-FCRBW2 | 120.0 | 4.8 | 566.3 | 0.99 | 10,660 | 22,000 | −72 | 153.2 | 764.3 |
17 | LED-FCM2 | 120.0 | 3.2 | 381.0 | 0.99 | 9016 | 1184 | −3 | 135.4 | 704.5 |
18 | LED-WCM | 120.0 | 5.2 | 617.8 | 0.99 | 15,284 | 1000 | −20 | 241.6 | 1282.3 |
SUN | - | - | - | - | - | 6500 | 100 | - | - |
No. | Code | PPF Efficacy (µmol/J) | ePPF Efficacy (µmol/J) | PPF per Radiant Watt (µmol/s per Wr) | Luminous Efficacy (lm/We) | Lux per µmol/(m2s) of PAR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | FWW | 0.94 | 0.96 | 4.71 | 73.8 | 78.9 |
2 | FCW | 0.92 | 0.94 | 4.59 | 72.2 | 78.3 |
3 | FDL | 0.97 | 0.97 | 4.41 | 69.9 | 72.1 |
4 | LPS | 0.75 | 0.76 | 4.92 | 79.3 | 105.6 |
5 | CMH | 1.58 | 1.70 | 4.84 | 86.9 | 55.2 |
6 | MH | 0.91 | 0.93 | 4.41 | 65.6 | 72.1 |
7 | HPS-600 | 1.52 | 1.62 | 5.00 | 113.4 | 74.4 |
8 | HPS-750 | 1.57 | 1.71 | 5.03 | 107.6 | 68.5 |
9 | HPS-1000 | 1.59 | 1.71 | 5.01 | 112.8 | 70.8 |
10 | LED-PCW1 | 2.02 | 2.09 | 4.61 | 126.1 | 62.5 |
11 | LED-PCM | 2.65 | 2.65 | 5.32 | 26.5 | 10.0 |
12 | LED-PCMLB | 2.39 | 2.40 | 5.25 | 22.7 | 9.5 |
13 | LED-PCW2 | 1.44 | 1.50 | 4.67 | 93.7 | 65.2 |
14 | LED-FCRBW1 | 1.20 | 1.21 | 4.90 | 30.6 | 25.4 |
15 | LED-FCM1 | 1.71 | 1.72 | 4.97 | 16.5 | 9.6 |
16 | LED-FCRBW2 | 1.35 | 1.36 | 4.99 | 18.8 | 13.9 |
17 | LED-FCM2 | 1.85 | 1.85 | 5.20 | 23.7 | 12.8 |
18 | LED-WCM | 2.08 | 2.08 | 5.31 | 24.7 | 11.9 |
SUN | 2.08 | - | 4.57 | 107 * | 54 |
No. | Code | YPF (300–800 nm) | YPF/PPF (300–800)/(400–700) [Wave-Lengths in nm] | PPE (300–800 nm) | R:FR wide (600–699)/(700–800) [Wave-Lengths in nm] | R:FR Narrow (655–665)/(725–735) [Wave-Lengths in nm] | FR Fraction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | FWW | 18.0 | 0.92 | 0.85 | 8.4 | 5.3 | 0.14 |
2 | FCW | 17.3 | 0.89 | 0.84 | 9.5 | 5.8 | 0.13 |
3 | FDL | 17.0 | 0.85 | 0.82 | 10.1 | 6.4 | 0.12 |
4 | LPS | 14.5 | 0.98 | 0.84 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.45 |
5 | CMH | 542.9 | 0.91 | 0.82 | 3.7 | 2.4 | 0.26 |
6 | MH | 47.1 | 0.90 | 0.82 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 0.37 |
7 | HPS-600 | 439.6 | 0.96 | 0.85 | 5.3 | 3.0 | 0.23 |
8 | HPS-750 | 706.0 | 0.95 | 0.83 | 4.2 | 2.8 | 0.25 |
9 | HPS-1000 | 967.3 | 0.95 | 0.83 | 4.0 | 2.8 | 0.25 |
10 | LED-PCW1 | 514.9 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 13.4 | 12.6 | 0.08 |
11 | LED-PCM | 1215.4 | 0.92 | 0.88 | 14,019 | ∞ | 0.00 |
12 | LED-PCMLB | 284.9 | 0.90 | 0.87 | 45.8 | 109.6 | 0.01 |
13 | LED-PCW2 | 161.2 | 0.88 | 0.83 | 6.3 | 7.2 | 0.14 |
14 | LED-FCRBW1 | 575.2 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 38.1 | 111.3 | 0.01 |
15 | LED-FCM1 | 1703.5 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 74.9 | 265.4 | 0.01 |
16 | LED-FCRBW2 | 396.0 | 0.87 | 0.86 | 29.4 | 69.9 | 0.02 |
17 | LED-FCM2 | 336.3 | 0.91 | 0.88 | 66.3 | 226.3 | 0.01 |
18 | LED-WCM | 152.6 | 0.92 | 0.88 | 90.1 | 299.3 | 0.00 |
SUN | 1696.1 | 0.90 | 0.72 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.47 |
No. | Code | Photon Flux Density µmol/(m2s) (280–800 nm) | UV-B (280–314 nm) | UV-A (315–399 nm) | Blue (400–499 nm) | Green (500–599 nm) | Red (600–699 nm) | Far-red (700–800 nm) | PAR (400–700 nm) | ePAR (400–750 nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | FWW | 20.9 | 0.2% | 1.6% | 15.3% | 38.5% | 40.0% | 4.4% | 93.8% | 97.8% |
2 | FCW | 20.5 | 0.2% | 1.4% | 22.2% | 41.2% | 31.7% | 3.3% | 95.1% | 98.1% |
3 | FDL | 20.6 | 0.1% | 0.6% | 33.0% | 41.5% | 22.5% | 2.2% | 97.1% | 99.0% |
4 | LPS | 17.5 | 0.4% | 1.7% | 2.0% | 68.8% | 13.8% | 13.3% | 84.6% | 87.1% |
5 | CMH | 690.8 | 0.03% | 1.1% | 13.1% | 28.4% | 45.2% | 12.2% | 86.8% | 93.7% |
6 | MH | 64.5 | 0.05% | 2.0% | 22.7% | 48.2% | 19.7% | 7.3% | 90.7% | 93.8% |
7 | HPS-600 | 506.8 | 0.04% | 0.4% | 3.2% | 40.4% | 47.0% | 8.9% | 90.7% | 96.1% |
8 | HPS-750 | 847.6 | 0.01% | 0.2% | 3.4% | 32.7% | 51.3% | 12.4% | 87.5% | 94.9% |
9 | HPS-1000 | 1167.3 | 0.04% | 0.3% | 3.6% | 32.1% | 51.2% | 12.7% | 87.0% | 94.2% |
10 | LED-PCW1 | 611.0 | 0.03% | 0.2% | 23.8% | 38.4% | 35.0% | 2.6% | 97.2% | 99.3% |
11 | LED- PCM | 1327.2 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 6.0% | 0.0% | 94.0% | 0.0% | 100% | 100% |
12 | LED-PCMLB | 324.3 | 0.02% | 0.1% | 5.3% | 0.4% | 92.2% | 2.0% | 98.0% | 99.6% |
13 | LED-PCW2 | 195.4 | 0.04% | 0.3% | 18.0% | 39.9% | 36.0% | 5.7% | 94.0% | 98.3% |
14 | LED-FCRBW1 | 666.1 | 0.04% | 0.2% | 23.2% | 13.1% | 61.9% | 1.6% | 98.2% | 99.4% |
15 | LED-FCM1 | 1951.4 | 0.03% | 0.2% | 24.7% | 0.5% | 73.6% | 1.0% | 98.8% | 99.6% |
16 | LED-FCRBW2 | 464.9 | 0.05% | 0.2% | 26.1% | 5.8% | 65.7% | 2.2% | 97.6% | 99.3% |
17 | LED-FCM2 | 375.1 | 0.00% | 0.1% | 12.0% | 2.7% | 84.0% | 1.3% | 98.7% | 99.6% |
18 | LED-WCM | 167.3 | 0.01% | 0.1% | 8.0% | 0.5% | 90.4% | 1.0% | 98.9% | 99.7% |
SUN | 2658.4 | 0.1% | 5.5% | 20.4% | 25.2% | 25.5% | 23.2% | 71.2% | 83.1% |
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Shelford, T.J.; Both, A.-J. On the Technical Performance Characteristics of Horticultural Lamps. AgriEngineering 2021, 3, 716-727. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering3040046
Shelford TJ, Both A-J. On the Technical Performance Characteristics of Horticultural Lamps. AgriEngineering. 2021; 3(4):716-727. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering3040046
Chicago/Turabian StyleShelford, Timothy J., and Arend-Jan Both. 2021. "On the Technical Performance Characteristics of Horticultural Lamps" AgriEngineering 3, no. 4: 716-727. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering3040046
APA StyleShelford, T. J., & Both, A. -J. (2021). On the Technical Performance Characteristics of Horticultural Lamps. AgriEngineering, 3(4), 716-727. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering3040046