Self-Reported Insomnia and Poor Sleep Quality Are Associated with Self-Reported Cognitive Changes in Older Adults
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Study Sample
2.2. Association Between Scores on Cognitive Measures and Subjective Sleep Complaints
2.3. Association Between Scores on Cognitive Measures and Objective Sleep Data
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Participants
4.2. Sleep Measures
4.2.1. Actigraphy
4.2.2. Insomnia Severity Index
4.2.3. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
4.3. Cognitive Measures
4.3.1. Cognitive Function Instrument
4.3.2. Mini-Mental State Examination
4.4. Emotional Screening Measures
4.4.1. Beck Depression Inventory-II
4.4.2. General Anxiety Disorder-7
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean | Standard Deviation | Range | |
Age | 64.2 | 9.5 | 52–85 |
Education | 16.1 | 2.5 | 12–20 |
MMSE | 28.2 | 1.5 | 24–30 |
CFI | 2.1 | 2.4 | 0–9.0 |
PSQI | 6.0 | 3.9 | 0–17 |
ISI | 7.0 | 5.9 | 0–21 |
BDI-II | 4.2 | 4.9 | 0–16 |
GAD-7 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 0–7 |
CFI | MMSE | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | [95% CI] | p | r | [95% CI] | p | |
Age | 0.29 | [−0.01, 0.54] | 0.06 | −0.05 | [−0.34, 0.25] | 0.76 |
Sex | 0.03 | [−0.26, 0.32] | 0.83 | 0.01 | [−0.28, 0.30] | 0.94 |
Education | −0.07 | [−0.36, 0.23] | 0.63 | 0.22 | [−0.08, 0.48] | 0.14 |
BDI | 0.62 | [0.40, 0.78] | <0.001 * | −0.13 | [−0.41, 0.17] | 0.38 |
GAD7 | 0.31 | [0.02, 0.56] | 0.04 * | −0.05 | [−0.34, 0.25] | 0.76 |
ISI | 0.50 | [0.25, 0.70] | <0.001 * | −0.04 | [−0.39, 0.31] | 0.79 |
PSQI | 0.28 | [−0.06, 0.57] | 0.07 | −0.24 | [−0.54, 0.08] | 0.12 |
Subjective Sleep Quality | 0.31 | [0.02, 0.53] | 0.048 * | −0.23 | [−0.55, 0.11] | 0.15 |
Sleep Latency | 0.11 | [−0.25, 0.46] | 0.49 | −0.09 | [−0.37, 0.20] | 0.59 |
Sleep Duration | 0.32 | [0.03, 0.58] | 0.04 * | −0.26 | [−0.64, 0.13] | 0.10 |
Sleep Efficiency | 0.19 | [−0.21, 0.53] | 0.24 | −0.11 | [−0.41, 0.18] | 0.49 |
Sleep Disturbance | 0.13 | [−0.18, 0.39] | 0.43 | −0.16 | [−0.48, 0.15] | 0.31 |
Sleeping Medication | 0.31 | [0.02, 0.53] | 0.048 * | −0.23 | [−0.55, 0.11] | 0.15 |
Daytime Dysfunction | −0.20 | [−0.55, 0.17] | 0.20 | −0.02 | [−0.23, 0.18] | 0.93 |
CFI | MMSE | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | [95% CI] | p | r | [95% CI] | p | |
Sleep Onset Latency | 0.14 | [−0.27, 0.41] | 0.40 | −0.05 | [−0.38, 0.25] | 0.75 |
Total Sleep Time | 0.18 | [−0.08, 0.43] | 0.28 | 0.26 | [−0.05, 0.56] | 0.12 |
Sleep Efficiency | 0.07 | [−0.23, 0.40] | 0.70 | 0.12 | [−0.15, 0.41] | 0.47 |
Wake After Sleep Onset | −0.08 | [−0.44, 0.29] | 0.65 | −0.08 | [−0.39, 0.19] | 0.64 |
Number of Awakenings | −0.06 | [−0.28, 0.34] | 0.73 | 0.10 | [−0.24, 0.38] | 0.54 |
Sleep Fragmentation Index | −0.03 | [−0.37, 0.28] | 0.86 | −0.17 | [−0.45, 0.10] | 0.32 |
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Glueck, J.; Pluim McDowell, C.; Quiroz, Y.T.; Cronin-Golomb, A.; Duffy, J.F. Self-Reported Insomnia and Poor Sleep Quality Are Associated with Self-Reported Cognitive Changes in Older Adults. Clocks & Sleep 2025, 7, 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep7040056
Glueck J, Pluim McDowell C, Quiroz YT, Cronin-Golomb A, Duffy JF. Self-Reported Insomnia and Poor Sleep Quality Are Associated with Self-Reported Cognitive Changes in Older Adults. Clocks & Sleep. 2025; 7(4):56. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep7040056
Chicago/Turabian StyleGlueck, Julia, Celina Pluim McDowell, Yakeel T. Quiroz, Alice Cronin-Golomb, and Jeanne F. Duffy. 2025. "Self-Reported Insomnia and Poor Sleep Quality Are Associated with Self-Reported Cognitive Changes in Older Adults" Clocks & Sleep 7, no. 4: 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep7040056
APA StyleGlueck, J., Pluim McDowell, C., Quiroz, Y. T., Cronin-Golomb, A., & Duffy, J. F. (2025). Self-Reported Insomnia and Poor Sleep Quality Are Associated with Self-Reported Cognitive Changes in Older Adults. Clocks & Sleep, 7(4), 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep7040056