Habitual Sleep Patterns and Chronic Sleep Problems in Relation to Sex, Age, and Circadian Preference in a Population-Based Sample of Norwegian Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Instruments
2.1.1. Sociodemographic Variable
2.1.2. Circadian Preference
2.1.3. Habitual Sleep Patterns
2.1.4. Chronic Sleep Problems
2.2. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Circadian Preference
3.2. Habitual Sleep Patterns
3.3. Chronic Sleep Problems
3.4. Short Workday Sleep Duration
3.5. Long Social Jetlag
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Abbreviation | Statement | Computation |
---|---|---|---|
Shuteye time 1 | ST | At what time do you usually attempt to go to sleep? | - |
Sleep onset latency 1 | SOL | How long does it usually take you to fall asleep? | - |
Wake up time 1 | WUT | At what time do you usually wake up? | - |
Sleep onset 1 | SO | - | ST + SOL |
Sleep duration 1 | TST | - | WUT − SO |
Midsleep 1 | MS | - | SO + TST/2 |
Sleep corrected social jetlag | ΔSO | - | SOf − SOw |
Social jetlag | ΔMS | - | MSf − MSw |
- | ΔWUT | - | WUTf − WUTw |
Crude | Weighted | ||
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Female | 509 (49.5%) | 510 (49.6%) | |
Male | 519 (50.5%) | 518 (50.4%) | |
Age | |||
18–35 years | 195 (19.0%) | 285 (28.7%) | |
36–50 years | 276 (26.8%) | 247 (24.0%) | |
51–65 years | 370 (36.0%) | 296 (28.8%) | |
66+ years | 187 (18.2%) | 200 (19.4%) | |
Education | |||
Primary school | 42 (4.1%) | 46 (4.5%) | |
Secondary school | 378 (36.8%) | 381 (37.1%) | |
College/university | 608 (59.1%) | 600 (58.4%) | |
Circadian preference (n = 1018) | |||
Definitely morning | 116 (11.4%) | 110 (10.8%) | |
Morning | 270 (26.5%) | 268 (26.3%) | |
Intermediate | 279 (27.4%) | 284 (27.9%) | |
Evening | 223 (21.9%) | 225 (22.1%) | |
Definitely evening | 132 (12.9%) | 132 (12.9%) | |
Chronic sleep problems (≥3 months) | |||
No | 567 (55.2%) | 575 (55.9%) | |
Yes | 461 (44.8%) | 453 (44.1%) | |
Short workday sleep duration (<6 h) | |||
No | 956 (96.8%) | 955 (96.9%) | |
Yes | 32 (3.2%) | 30 (3.1%) | |
Long social jetlag (≥2 h) | |||
No | 870 (89.7%) | 858 (88.8%) | |
Yes | 100 (10.3%) | 109 (11.2%) |
Sleep Onset (SO) | Midsleep (MS) | Wake Up Time (WUT) | Sleep Onset Latency (SOL) | Sleep Duration (TST) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Workday | Free Day | ΔSO | Workday | Free Day | ΔMS | Workday | Free Day | ΔWUT | Workday | Free Day | Workday | Free Day | ||
Total | 23:44 ± 86 | 0:17 ± 86 | 0:34 ± 56 | 3:23 ± 89 | 4:15 ± 84 | 0:51 ± 75 | 7:04 ± 124 | 8:12 ± 101 | 1:08 ± 119 | 0:22 ± 31 | 0:20 ± 29 | 7:19 ± 119 | 7:53 ± 86 | |
Sex | ||||||||||||||
Female | 23:39 ± 85 | 0:09 ± 74 | 0:30 ± 62 | 3:23 ± 92 | 4:09 ± 73 | 0:46 ± 81 | 7:08 ± 136 | 8:10 ± 97 | 1:01 ± 128 | 0:23 ± 30 | 0:21 ± 24 | 7:28 ± 163 | 7:59 ± 92 | |
Male | 23:49 ± 88 | 0:26 ± 96 | 0:37 ± 49 | 3:24 ± 86 | 4:20 ± 93 | 0:57 ± 69 | 6:59 ± 110 | 8:15 ± 105 | 1:16 ± 109 | 0:20 ± 33 | 0:19 ± 32 | 7:10 ± 100 | 7:48 ± 79 | |
p (t-test) | 0.127 | 0.005 | 0.075 | 00.914 | 0.066 | 0.036 | 0.317 | 0.506 | 0.067 | 0.225 | 0.502 | 0.035 | 0.090 | |
n | 994 | 1000 | 983 | 985 | 982 | 966 | 1009 | 1002 | 993 | 1007 | 1006 | 985 | 982 | |
Age | ||||||||||||||
18–35 | 23:39 ± 77 | 0:24 ± 87 | 0:46 ± 50 | 3:27 ± 77 | 4:40 ± 85 | 1:14 ± 58 | 7:17 ± 94 | 8:58 ± 98 | 1:41 ± 85 | 0:22 ± 26 | 0:18 ± 14 | 7:36 ± 73 | 8:31 ± 72 | |
36–50 | 23:46 ± 106 | 0:25 ± 101 | 0:39 ± 54 | 3:22 ± 106 | 4:25 ± 102 | 1:04 ± 71 | 6:58 ± 138 | 8:25 ± 122 | 1:28 ± 110 | 0:21 ± 22 | 0:18 ± 18 | 7:11 ± 127 | 7:59 ± 95 | |
51–65 | 23:44 ± 91 | 0:14 ± 83 | 0:30 ± 70 | 3:20 ± 102 | 4:02 ± 72 | 0:41 ± 101 | 6:55 ± 159 | 7:48 ± 80 | 0:53 ± 167 | 0:23 ± 37 | 0:21 ± 33 | 7:12 ± 162 | 7:34 ± 77 | |
66+ | 23:49 ± 60 | 0:02 ± 66 | 0:15 ± 32 | 3:27 ± 50 | 3:43 ± 53 | 0:16 ± 23 | 7:04 ± 64 | 7:23 ± 67 | 0:17 ± 30 | 0:21 ± 39 | 0:24 ± 44 | 7:16 ± 75 | 7:18 ± 83 | |
p (ANOVA) | 0.681 | 0.036 | <0.001 | 0.808 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.197 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 00.920 | 0.174 | 0.078 | <0.001 | |
n | 994 | 999 | 983 | 985 | 982 | 967 | 1009 | 1002 | 993 | 1007 | 1006 | 985 | 982 | |
Circadian preference | ||||||||||||||
Def. morning | 22:53 ± 63 | 23:20 ± 66 | 0:27 ± 36 | 2:39 ± 71 | 3:15 ± 76 | 0:36 ± 35 | 6:25 ± 115 | 7:10 ± 121 | 0:45 ± 49 | 0:17 ± 30 | 0:17 ± 30 | 7:32 ± 120 | 7:49 ± 125 | |
Morning | 23:14 ± 52 | 23:42 ± 54 | 0:29 ± 33 | 2:57 ± 67 | 3:40 ± 47 | 0:43 ± 65 | 6:40 ± 117 | 7:37 ± 61 | 0:55 ± 125 | 0:18 ± 27 | 0:16 ± 22 | 7:28 ± 125 | 7:55 ± 67 | |
Intermediate | 23:48 ± 100 | 0:16 ± 93 | 0:27 ± 69 | 3:32 ± 110 | 4:12 ± 89 | 0:39 ± 93 | 7:18 ± 160 | 8:09 ± 109 | 0:51 ± 148 | 0:23 ± 28 | 0:22 ± 31 | 7:29 ± 151 | 7:52 ± 91 | |
Evening | 23:56 ± 62 | 0:39 ± 64 | 0:43 ± 48 | 3:33 ± 59 | 4:39 ± 64 | 1:06 ± 56 | 7:10 ± 71 | 8:37 ± 80 | 1:28 ± 81 | 0:23 ± 32 | 0:20 ± 25 | 7:13 ± 65 | 7:58 ± 70 | |
Def. evening | 0:58 ± 107 | 1:47 ± 96 | 0:49 ± 82 | 4:19 ± 98 | 5:42 ± 85 | 1:22 ± 93 | 7:42 ± 109 | 9:39 ± 97 | 1:57 ± 116 | 0:31 ± 44 | 0:26 ± 40 | 6:40 ± 92 | 7:48 ± 95 | |
p (ANOVA) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.030 | 0.003 | 0.867 | |
n | 988 | 993 | 977 | 979 | 977 | 962 | 1003 | 997 | 988 | 1001 | 999 | 979 | 977 |
Chronic Sleep Problems | Short Workday Sleep Duration | Long Social Jetlag | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | Chi-Square | No | Yes | Chi-Square | No | Yes | Chi-Square | ||
Sex | ||||||||||
Female | 252 (49.4%) | 258 (50.6%) | p < 0.001 | 466 (96.5%) | 17 (3.5%) | p = 0.399 | 425 (89.5%) | 50 (10.5%) | p = 0.526 | |
Male | 323 (62.2%) | 196 (37.8%) | χ2 = 17.157 | 488 (97.4%) | 13 (2.6%) | χ2 = 0.712 | 433 (88.2%) | 58 (11.8%) | χ2 = 0.402 | |
Age | ||||||||||
18–35 years | 154 (54.0%) | 131 (46.0%) | p = 0.010 | 269 (97.8%) | 6 (2.2%) | p = 0.728 | 219 (80.5%) | 53 (19.5%) | p < 0.001 | |
36–50 years | 132 (53.4%) | 115 (46.6%) | χ2 = 11.352 | 234 (96.7%) | 8 (3.3%) | χ2 = 1.306 | 210 (86.8%) | 32 (13.2%) | χ2 = 42.543 | |
51–65 years | 156 (52.7%) | 140 (47.3%) | 277 (96.2%) | 11 (3.8%) | 257 (92.1%) | 22 (7.9%) | ||||
66+ years | 133 (66.5%) | 67 (33.5%) | 175 (96.7%) | 6 (3.3%) | 172 (99.4%) | 1 (0.6%) | ||||
Circadian preference | ||||||||||
Definitely morning | 65 (59.1%) | 45 (40.9%) | p = 0.002 | 103 (97.2%) | 3 (2.8%) | p = 0.001 | 101 (99.0%) | 1 (1.0%) | p < 0.001 | |
Morning | 168 (62.7%) | 100 (37.3%) | χ2 = 17.039 | 252 (99.2%) | 2 (0.8%) | χ2 = 17.715 | 236 (93.3%) | 17 (6.7%) | χ2 = 61.127 | |
Intermediate | 167 (58.8%) | 117 (41.2%) | 265 (97.1%) | 8 (2.9%) | 245 (91.8%) | 22 (8.2%) | ||||
Evening | 112 (49.8%) | 113 (50.2%) | 214 (96.8%) | 7 (3.2%) | 186 (85.3%) | 32 (14.7%) | ||||
Definitely evening | 58 (44.3%) | 73 (55.7%) | 114 (91.2%) | 11 (8.8%) | 87 (70.7%) | 36 (29.3%) |
Chronic Sleep Problems | Short Workday Sleep Duration | Long Social Jetlag | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | ||
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
Sex | |||||||
Female | 1.68 (1.31–2.16) | 1.80 (1.39–2.33) | 1.32 (0.64–2.73) | 1.54 (0.73–3.24) | 0.88 (0.59–1.31) | 0.83 (0.54–1.28) | |
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Age | |||||||
18–35 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
36–50 years | 1.03 (0.73–1.45) | 1.16 (0.82–1.65) | 1.48 (0.50–4.43) | 1.56 (0.51–4.76) | 0.63 (0.39–1.01) | 0.59 (0.35–0.97) | |
51–65 years | 1.06 (0.76–1.46) | 1.24 (0.88–1.74) | 1.78 (0.64–4.94) | 2.22 (0.78–6.32) | 0.36 (0.21–0.61) | 0.40 (0.22–0.67) | |
66+ years | 0.60 (0.41–0.87) | 0.75 (0.51–1.11) | 1.67 (0.53–5.21) | 2.54 (0.77–8.38) | 0.03 (0.00–0.18) | 0.03 (0.01–0.22) | |
Education | |||||||
Primary school | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Secondary school | 1.13 (0.61–2.10) | 1.14 (0.61–2.16) | 0.61 (0.15–2.46) | 0.64 (0.15–2.68) | 1.07 (0.41–2.78) | 1.04 (0.37–2.98) | |
College/university | 0.89 (0.49–1.62) | 0.82 (0.44–1.53) | 0.42 (0.11–1.68) | 0.44 (0.11–1.82) | 0.71 (0.28–1.84) | 0.60 (0.21–1.69) | |
Circadian preference | |||||||
Definitely morning | 0.97 (0.62–1.52) | 0.87 (0.55–1.38) | 0.91 (0.24–3.53) | 0.81 (0.21–3.20) | 0.17 (0.03–0.89) | 0.17 (0.03–0.89) | |
Morning | 0.85 (0.60–1.20) | 0.80 (0.56–1.14) | 0.23 (0.04–1.15) | 0.22 (0.04–1.12) | 0.79 (0.41–1.53) | 0.83 (0.42–1.63) | |
Intermediate | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Evening | 1.45 (1.02–2.06) | 1.41 (0.98–2.02) | 0.98 (0.35–2.78) | 1.05 (0.37–3.01) | 1.96 (1.10–3.48) | 1.66 (0.92–3.00) | |
Definitely evening | 1.78 (1.17–2.70) | 1.68 (1.10–2.58) | 3.07 (1.21–7.78) | 3.56 (1.35–9.38) | 4.65 (2.59–8.36) | 3.94 (2.15–7.23) |
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Saxvig, I.W.; Bjorvatn, B.; Waage, S. Habitual Sleep Patterns and Chronic Sleep Problems in Relation to Sex, Age, and Circadian Preference in a Population-Based Sample of Norwegian Adults. Clocks & Sleep 2023, 5, 21-33. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep5010003
Saxvig IW, Bjorvatn B, Waage S. Habitual Sleep Patterns and Chronic Sleep Problems in Relation to Sex, Age, and Circadian Preference in a Population-Based Sample of Norwegian Adults. Clocks & Sleep. 2023; 5(1):21-33. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep5010003
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaxvig, Ingvild West, Bjørn Bjorvatn, and Siri Waage. 2023. "Habitual Sleep Patterns and Chronic Sleep Problems in Relation to Sex, Age, and Circadian Preference in a Population-Based Sample of Norwegian Adults" Clocks & Sleep 5, no. 1: 21-33. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep5010003