Seasonal Changes in Sleep Patterns in Two Saskatchewan First Nation Communities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Sample
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
N | North |
W | West |
FNSHP | First Nations Sleep Health Project |
SPAQ | Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire |
EDS | Excessive daytime sleepiness |
ISI | Insomnia Severity Index |
ESS | Epworth Sleepiness Scale |
SD | Standard Deviation |
CI | Confidence Interval |
WASO | Wake time after sleep onset |
SE | Sleep efficiency |
References
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Time | Frequency n (%) | Seasons n (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Summer (n = 136) | Fall (n = 213) | Winter (n = 38) | Spring (n = 180) | ||
Usual Bed Times (p = 0.153) | |||||
5:00 PM–8:00 PM | 14 (2.5) | 2 (1.5) | 7 (3.3) | 2 (5.3) | 3 (1.7) |
8:01 PM–10:00 PM | 139 (24.5) | 32 (23.5) | 68 (31.9) | 6 (15.8) | 33 (18.3) |
10:01 PM–12:00 AM | 176 (31.0) | 43 (31.6) | 61 (28.6) | 15 (39.5) | 57 (31.7) |
12:00 AM–2:00 AM | 184 (32.5) | 45 (33.1) | 58 (27.2) | 13 (34.2) | 68 (37.8) |
2:01 AM–4:00 AM | 36 (6.3) | 8 (5.9) | 15 (7.0) | 2 (5.3) | 11 (6.1) |
Other random times | 18 (3.2) | 6 (4.4) | 4 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (4.4) |
Usual Wake-Up Times (p = 0.014) | |||||
4:00 AM–6:00 AM | 104 (18.3) | 22 (16.2) | 47 (22.1) | 4 (10.5) | 31 (17.2) |
6:01 AM–7:00 AM | 142 (25.0) | 22 (16.2) | 58 (27.2) | 11 (28.9) | 51 (28.3) |
7:01 AM–8:00 AM | 136 (24.0) | 31 (22.8) | 49 (23.0) | 8 (21.1) | 48 (26.7) |
8:01 AM–10:00 AM | 116 (20.5) | 35 (25.7) | 41 (19.2) | 8 (21.1) | 32 (17.8) |
10:01 AM–12:00 PM | 48 (8.5) | 18 (13.2) | 17 (8.0) | 4 (10.5) | 9 (5.0) |
Other random times | 21 (3.7) | 8 (5.9) | 1 (0.5) | 3 (7.9) | 9 (5.0) |
Seasons (n = 567) | Mean ± SD Hours | Median Hours of Sleep | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Summer (n = 136) | 8.44 ± 0.21 | 8.50 | H0: medians hours of sleep among seasons are the same. p = 0.048. Since p < 0.05, reject H0 at 5% significance level |
Fall (n = 213) | 8.26 ± 0.14 | 8.00 | |
Winter (n = 38) | 8.28 ± 0.31 | 8.38 | |
Spring (n = 180) | 7.87 ± 0.19 | 7.83 | |
Pairwise comparisons of seasons | |||
Seasons | Mood’s Median Test Statistic | p Value | Adjusted p value for multiple tests after applying Bonferroni correction |
Spring–fall | 1.525 | 0.217 | 1.000 |
Spring–winter | 3.187 | 0.074 | 0.445 |
Spring–summer | 7.632 | 0.006 | 0.034 |
Fall–winter | 0.291 | 0.590 | 1.000 |
Fall—summer | 1.849 | 0.174 | 1.000 |
Winter–summer | 0.111 | 0.739 | 1.000 |
Age Group/Sex | Sleep Problem Yes/No | Seasons n (%) | Χ2, df = 3 | Exact p Value * | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Summer | Fall | Winter | Spring | ||||
Sleep Deprivation | |||||||
Total | Yes | 31 (21.5) | 47 (32.6) | 8 (5.6) | 58 (40.3) | 6.538 | 0.091 |
No | 105 (24.8) | 166 (39.2) | 30 (7.1) | 122 (28.8) | |||
18–39 years | Yes | 16 (22.5) | 16 (22.5) | 4 (5.6) | 35 (49.3) | 9.058 | 0.040 |
No | 65 (27.3) | 82 (34.5) | 19 (8.0) | 72 (30.3) | |||
40–49 years | Yes | 7 (24.1) | 12 (41.4) | 1 (3.4) | 9 (31.0) | 0.249 | 0.966 |
No | 13 (20.0) | 28 (43.1) | 3 (4.6) | 21 (32.3) | |||
50–59 years | Yes | 3 (13.0) | 11 (47.8) | 2 (8.7) | 7 (30.4) | 1.485 | 0.693 |
No | 18 (24.0) | 33 (44.0) | 7 (9.3) | 17 (22.7) | |||
60 years and older | Yes | 5 (23.8) | 8 (38.1) | 1 (4.8) | 7 (33.3) | 1.140 | 0.670 |
No | 9 (20.0) | 23 (51.1) | 1 (2.2) | 12 (26.7) | |||
Male | Yes | 18 (23.7) | 18 (23.7) | 7 (9.2) | 33 (43.4) | 8.386 | 0.038 |
No | 45 (26.2) | 67 (39.0) | 14 (8.1) | 46 (26.7) | |||
Female | Yes | 13 (19.1) | 29 (42.6) | 1 (1.5) | 25 (36.8) | 3.798 | 0.303 |
No | 60 (23.9) | 99 (39.4) | 16 (6.4) | 76 (30.3) | |||
Insomnia | |||||||
Total | Yes | 25 (22.9) | 38 (34.9) | 4 (3.7) | 42 (38.5) | 3.145 | 0.409 |
No | 107 (23.4) | 175 (38.2) | 32 (7.0) | 144 (31.4) | |||
18–39 years | Yes | 14 (25.0) | 16 (28.6) | 3 (5.4) | 23 (41.1) | 1.307 | 0.799 |
No | 67 (26.3) | 82 (32.2) | 20 (7.8) | 86 (33.7) | |||
40–49 years | Yes | 7 (22.6) | 12 (38.7) | 1 (3.2) | 11 (35.5) | 0.488 | 0.941 |
No | 12 (19.7) | 27 (44.3) | 3 (4.9) | 19 (31.1) | |||
50–59 years | Yes | 1 (7.7) | 9 (69.2) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (23.1) | 4.455 | 0.311 |
No | 19 (22.4) | 35 (41.2) | 8 (9.4) | 23 (27.1) | |||
60 years and older | Yes | 3 (33.3) | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (55.6) | 6.321 | 0.054 |
No | 9 (15.8) | 31 (54.4) | 1 (1.8) | 16 (28.1) | |||
Male | Yes | 11 (27.5) | 13 (32.5) | 2 (5.0) | 14 (35.0) | 0.912 | 0.868 |
No | 49 (23.7) | 73 (35.3) | 18 (8.7) | 67 (32.4) | |||
Female | Yes | 14 (20.3) | 25 (36.2) | 2 (2.9) | 28 (40.6) | 2.850 | 0.478 |
No | 58 (23.1) | 102 (40.6) | 14 (5.6) | 77 (30.7) | |||
Excessive daytime sleepiness | |||||||
Total | Yes | 17 (16.3) | 37 (35.6) | 8 (7.7) | 42 (40.4) | 5.089 | 0.148 |
No | 116 (24.7) | 177 (37.7) | 28 (6.0) | 148 (31.6) | |||
18–39 years | Yes | 8 (17.4) | 15 (32.6) | 5 (10.9) | 18 (39.1) | 2.831 | 0.376 |
No | 73 (27.3) | 83 (31.1) | 17 (6.4) | 94 (35.2) | |||
40–49 years | Yes | 3 (13.0) | 9 (39.1) | 1 (4.3) | 10 (43.5) | 2.330 | 0.494 |
No | 17 (23.9) | 31 (43.7) | 3 (4.2) | 20 (28.2) | |||
50–59 years | Yes | 2 (11.8) | 10 (58.8) | 1 (5.9) | 4 (23.5) | 2.000 | 0.655 |
No | 19 (23.2) | 34 (41.5) | 7 (8.5) | 22 (26.8) | |||
60 years and older | Yes | 4 (22.2) | 3 (16.7) | 1 (5.6) | 10 (55.6) | 9.901 | 0.007 |
No | 7 (14.3) | 29 (59.2) | 1 (2.0) | 12 (24.5) | |||
Male | Yes | 7 (15.2) | 15 (32.6) | 4 (8.7) | 20 (43.5) | 3.810 | 0.259 |
No | 55 (26.6) | 71 (34.3) | 17 (8.2) | 64 (30.9) | |||
Female | Yes | 10 (17.2) | 22 (37.9) | 4 (6.9) | 22 (37.9) | 2.088 | 0.528 |
No | 61 (23.3) | 106 (40.5) | 11 (4.2) | 84 (32.1) |
Sleep Change | Frequency (%) |
---|---|
0 (no change) | 113 (31.4) |
1 (slight) | 51 (14.2) |
2 (moderate) | 101 (28.1) |
3 (very) | 58 (16.1) |
4 (extremely marked change) | 37 (10.3) |
Variable | Sleep Change with the Seasons | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Yes (Very or Extremely Marked Change) | No (No to Moderate Change) | |||
Age Groups, in Years | |||||
18–29 | 117 (32.5) | 26 (27.4) | 91 (34.3) | 1.36 (0.56, 3.27) | 1.36 (0.55, 3.35) |
30–39 | 82 (22.8) | 27 (28.4) | 55 (20.8) | 2.33 (0.96, 5.68) | 2.40 (0.97, 5.96) |
40–49 | 58 (16.1) | 18 (18.9) | 40 (15.1) | 2.14 (0.83, 5.49) | 2.02 (0.76, 5.37) |
50–59 | 57 (15.8) | 16 (16.8) | 41 (15.5) | 1.85 (0.71, 4.82) | 1.65 (0.62, 4.37) |
60 years and older | 46 (12.8) | 8 (8.4) | 38 (14.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Sex | |||||
Male | 158 (43.9) | 39 (43.9) | 119 (44.9) | 0.85 (0.53, 1.37) | 0.80 (0.49, 1.33) |
Female | 202 (56.1) | 56 (58.9) | 146 (55.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Smoking Status | |||||
Current smoker | 259 (72.5) | 66 (69.5) | 193 (73.7) | 0.93 (0.49, 1.80) | - |
Ex-smoker | 42 (11.8) | 14 (14.7) | 28 (10.7) | 1.37 (0.57, 3.27) | - |
Never smoker | 56 (15.7) | 15 (15.8) | 41 (15.6) | 1.00 | - |
Body-Mass Index | |||||
Obese | 151 (45.6) | 32 (37.6) | 119 (48.4) | 0.62 (0.34, 1.12) | - |
Overweight | 91 (27.5) | 26 (30.6) | 65 (26.4) | 0.92 (0.48, 1.74) | - |
Neither overweight or obese | 89 (26.9) | 27 (31.8) | 62 (25.2) | 1.00 | - |
Employment Status | |||||
Full-time, part-time, or self-employed | 103 (29.3) | 29 (31.9) | 74 (28.5) | 1.31 (0.64, 2.68) | - |
Social assistance or unemployment insurance | 106 (30.2) | 27 (29.7) | 79 (30.4) | 1.14 (0.55, 2.35) | - |
Unemployed | 77 (21.9) | 20 (22.0) | 57 (21.9) | 1.17 (0.54, 2.52) | - |
Other, including retired or home maker | 65 (18.5) | 15 (16.5) | 50 (19.2) | 1.00 | - |
Educational Attainment | |||||
Less than secondary-school graduation | 141 (39.8) | 34 (36.6) | 108 (40.9) | 0.71 (0.40, 1.24) | - |
Secondary-school graduation | 108 (30.3) | 26 (28.0) | 82 (31.1) | 0.71 (0.39, 1.30) | - |
Some university, completed university degree, completed technical school | 107 (30.0) | 33 (35.5) | 74 (28.0) | 1.00 | - |
Money Left at the End of the Month | |||||
Some money | 74 (20.8) | 16 (17.0) | 58 (22.1) | 0.61 (0.32, 1.14) | 0.71 (0.37, 1.38) |
Just enough money | 77 (21.6) | 14 (14.9) | 63 (24.0) | 0.49 (0.26, 0.94) | 0.50 (0.25, 0.97) |
Not enough money | 205 (57.6) | 64 (68.1) | 141 (53.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Damage Caused by Dampness | |||||
Yes | 213 (59.7) | 67 (71.3) | 146 (55.5) | 1.99 (1.20, 3.31) | 1.84 (1.08, 3.14) |
No | 144 (40.3) | 27 (28.7) | 117 (44.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Mouldy or Musty Smell in House | |||||
Yes | 191 (53.4) | 59 (62.8) | 132 (50.0) | 1.69 (1.04, 2.73) | - |
No | 167 (46.6) | 35 (37.2) | 132 (50.0) | 1.00 | - |
Signs of Mould in House | |||||
Yes | 184 (51.3) | 59 (63.4) | 125 (47.3) | 1.93 (1.19, 3.14) | - |
No | 173 (48.5) | 34 (36.6) | 139 (52.7) | 1.00 | - |
Smoke Inside Home | |||||
Yes | 151 (42.3) | 38 (40.4) | 113 (43.0) | 0.90 (0.56, 1.45) | - |
No | 206 (57.7) | 56 (59.6) | 150 (57.0) | 1.00 | - |
Crowding Index | |||||
>1 person/bedroom | 266 (75.6) | 68 (73.1) | 198 (76.4) | 0.84 (0.49, 1.44) | - |
≤1 person/bedroom | 86 (24.4) | 25 (26.9) | 61 (23.6) | 1.00 | - |
Have Access to Off-Reserve Doctor | |||||
Yes | 296 (85.3) | 83 (89.2) | 213 (83.9) | 1.60 (0.77, 3.34) | - |
No | 51 (14.7) | 10 (10.8) | 41 (16.1) | 1.00 | - |
Have Access to Doctor at On-Reserve Clinic | |||||
Yes | 273 (80.5) | 78 (86.7) | 195 (78.3) | 1.80 (0.91, 3.55) | - |
No | 66 (19.5) | 12 (13.3) | 54 (21.7) | 1.00 | - |
Have Access to Nurse | |||||
Yes | 261 (80.8) | 74 (85.1) | 187 (79.2) | 1.49 (0.76, 2.91) | - |
No | 62 (19.2) | 13 (14.9) | 49 (20.8) | 1.00 | - |
Difficulty Gaining Access to Medical Specialist | |||||
Yes | 84 (23.5) | 28 (29.8) | 56 (21.3) | 1.57 (0.92, 2.67) | - |
No | 273 (76.5) | 66 (70.2) | 207 (78.7) | 1.00 | - |
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Karunanayake, C.P.; Ramsden, V.R.; Bird, C.; Seeseequasis, J.; McMullin, K.; Fenton, M.; Skomro, R.; Kirychuk, S.; Rennie, D.C.; Russell, B.P.; et al. Seasonal Changes in Sleep Patterns in Two Saskatchewan First Nation Communities. Clocks & Sleep 2021, 3, 415-428. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep3030029
Karunanayake CP, Ramsden VR, Bird C, Seeseequasis J, McMullin K, Fenton M, Skomro R, Kirychuk S, Rennie DC, Russell BP, et al. Seasonal Changes in Sleep Patterns in Two Saskatchewan First Nation Communities. Clocks & Sleep. 2021; 3(3):415-428. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep3030029
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarunanayake, Chandima P., Vivian R. Ramsden, Clifford Bird, Jeremy Seeseequasis, Kathleen McMullin, Mark Fenton, Robert Skomro, Shelley Kirychuk, Donna C. Rennie, Brooke P. Russell, and et al. 2021. "Seasonal Changes in Sleep Patterns in Two Saskatchewan First Nation Communities" Clocks & Sleep 3, no. 3: 415-428. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep3030029