An Archaeometric Study of Twelve Porcelain Chinese Sherds Found at the Santana Convent in Lisbon—16th to 18th Centuries
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. The Samples Under Study
1.2. Experimental
2. Results
2.1. GSDR Spectra Glazes and Ceramic Bodies
2.2. Micro Raman Spectra for Glazes and Ceramic Bodies
2.3. Glaze and Body Microstructural Observations
2.4. XRD Data for Glazes and Ceramic Bodies
2.5. XRF for Glazes and Ceramic Bodies
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Quartz—Q, SiO2, 2θ = 21.0, 26.7, 36.7, 46.0, 50.2, 60.0, 64.1, 68.2 Microcline—Mic, K Al Si3O8, 2θ = 20.9, 25.7, 27.5, 42.0, 50.8 Mullite—M, (Al2O3)3(SiO2)2, 2θ = 16.5, 26.4, 33.3, 35.4, 39.4, 40.8, 42.7, 49.6, 64.8 Anorthite—An, CaO. Al2O3 (SiO2)2, 2θ = 22.0, 27.5, 27.9, 30.3, 32.0, 38.0 |
Samples | MgO | Al2O3 | SiO2 | K2O | CaO | TiO2 | MnO | Fe2O3 | CoO | NiO | CuO | ZnO | As2O3 | Rb2O | BaO | SnO2 | PbO | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S0 | White | 2.06 | 4.67 | 81.46 | 1.40 | 6.58 | 0.27 | nd/nq | 0.09 | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.21 | 0.00 | nd/nq | 0.53 | 2.70 |
Blue | 2.41 | 3.47 | 80.23 | 1.55 | 6.11 | 0.19 | nd/nq | 0.17 | 1.20 | nd/nq | 0.04 | 0.01 | 1.01 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.53 | 3.04 | |
S1 | White | nd/nq | 9.72 | 75.91 | 5.07 | 8.16 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 1.00 | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.006 | 0.007 | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.004 |
Blue | nd/nq | 9.91 | 75.35 | 5.08 | 7.82 | 0.04 | 0.28 | 1.14 | 0.34 | nd/nq | 0.005 | 0.009 | 0.003 | 0.017 | 0.020 | nd/nq | 0.003 | |
S2 | White | nd/nq | 8.30 | 78.51 | 2.37 | 10.04 | 0.03 | nd/nq | 0.73 | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.01 | 0.004 | nd/nq | 0.02 | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq |
Blue | nd/nq | 7.50 | 79.43 | 2.42 | 9.39 | 0.03 | 0.73 | 1.06 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | nd/nq | 0.02 | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | |
S3 | White | nd/nq | 10.12 | 76.69 | 6.10 | 6.99 | 0.05 | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.01 | 0.003 | nd/nq | 0.02 | 0.02 | nd/nq | 0.002 |
Blue | nd/nq | 10.44 | 76.42 | 6.10 | 6.41 | 0.06 | nd/nq | 0.02 | 0.36 | 0.02 | nd/nq | 0.003 | 0.14 | 0.02 | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.003 | |
S4 | White | 1.12 | 10.51 | 75.43 | 4.41 | 7.30 | 0.06 | nd/nq | 1.13 | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.01 | 0.01 | nd/nq | 0.02 | nd/nq | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Blue | nd/nq | 10.27 | 75.43 | 4.52 | 7.89 | 0.05 | nd/nq | 1.36 | 0.32 | nd/nq | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.02 | nd/nq | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
S5 | White | nd/nq | 10.10 | 77.14 | 3.83 | 7.84 | 0.06 | nd/nq | 0.94 | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.01 | 0.01 | nd/nq | 0.02 | 0.02 | nd/nq | 0.03 |
Blue | nd/nq | 10.39 | 76.94 | 4.13 | 6.16 | 0.05 | nd/nq | 1.97 | 0.24 | 0.03 | nd/nq | 0.01 | nd/nq | 0.02 | 0.02 | nd/nq | 0.02 | |
S6 | White | 1.00 | 9.24 | 75.71 | 3.51 | 9.45 | 0.05 | nd/nq | 0.98 | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.004 | 0.01 | nd/nq | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.003 |
Blue | nd/nq | 10.18 | 75.51 | 3.96 | 8.13 | 0.06 | nd/nq | 1.80 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.005 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.003 | |
S7 | White | nd/nq | 7.78 | 73.65 | 2.66 | 12.45 | 0.05 | nd/nq | 0.66 | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.14 | 0.004 | 2.60 | 0.01 | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq |
Blue | nd/nq | 8.46 | 74.65 | 2.79 | 12.06 | 0.05 | nd/nq | 0.87 | 0.10 | nd/nq | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.93 | 0.01 | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | |
S8 | White | nd/nq | 9.29 | 76.25 | 3.71 | 9.50 | 0.06 | nd/nq | 1.13 | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.01 | 0.01 | nd/nq | 0.01 | 0.02 | nd/nq | 0.002 |
Blue | nd/nq | 10.25 | 75.72 | 3.75 | 8.83 | 0.07 | nd/nq | 1.15 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.004 | 0.01 | 0.03 | nd/nq | 0.002 | |
S9 | White | nd/nq | 13.99 | 77.03 | 4.22 | 3.43 | 0.08 | nd/nq | 1.22 | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.01 | nd/nq | 0.02 | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.01 |
S10 | White | nd/nq | 7.64 | 76.79 | 4.42 | 10.68 | 0.02 | nd/nq | 0.41 | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.02 | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.01 |
S11 | White | 1.13 | 10.00 | 71.58 | 4.51 | 11.97 | 0.07 | nd/nq | 0.67 | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.01 | 0.02 | nd/nq | 0.01 | 0.03 | nd/nq | 0.005 |
Blue | nd/nq | 11.26 | 72.72 | 4.43 | 9.90 | 0.06 | 2.84 | 1.04 | 0.41 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.003 | 0.01 | 0.06 | nd/nq | 0.01 | |
S12 | White | nd/nq | 10.84 | 78.87 | 5.41 | 4.14 | 0.06 | nd/nq | 0.64 | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.01 | 0.003 | nd/nq | 0.01 | 0.02 | nd/nq | 0.01 |
Blue | nd/nq | 11.42 | 79.56 | 4.59 | 3.08 | 0.04 | 1.04 | 0.91 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.01 | nd/nq | 0.01 | 0.07 | nd/nq | 0.01 |
Samples | MgO | Al2O3 | SiO2 | K2O | CaO | TiO2 | MnO | Fe2O3 | CoO | NiO | CuO | ZnO | As2O3 | Rb2O | BaO | SnO2 | PbO | R |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S0 | 2.82 | 4.11 | 84.81 | 1.19 | 4.42 | 0.23 | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.005 | nd/nq | 0.002 | nd/nq | 0.55 | 1.88 | |
S1 | nd/nq | 15.94 | 76.26 | 4.43 | 2.03 | 0.10 | nd/nq | 1.19 | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.01 | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.03 | nd/nq | 0.01 | 47.5 |
S2 | nd/nq | 17.44 | 74.02 | 3.77 | 3.26 | 0.08 | nd/nq | 1.34 | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.01 | nd/nq | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 | nd/nq | 29.2 |
S3 | nd/nq | 17.15 | 77.55 | 4.29 | 0.82 | 0.13 | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.01 | nd/nq | 0.02 | 0.03 | nd/nq | 0.01 | 120.2 |
S4 | 1.15 | 17.09 | 75.72 | 3.33 | 1.19 | 0.17 | nd/nq | 1.28 | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.01 | nd/nq | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 80.6 |
S5 | nd/nq | 16.89 | 70.73 | 4.56 | 4.92 | 0.29 | nd/nq | 2.52 | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.01 | nd/nq | 0.03 | 0.04 | nd/nq | nd/nq | 18.7 |
S6 | nd/nq | 15.06 | 73.57 | 4.39 | 4.85 | 0.14 | nd/nq | 1.89 | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 19.2 |
S7 | nd/nq | 17.12 | 74.48 | 3.77 | 2.49 | 0.12 | nd/nq | 1.97 | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.005 | nd/nq | 0.02 | 0.03 | nd/nq | 0.002 | 38.3 |
S8 | nd/nq | 15.22 | 78.26 | 3.38 | 1.07 | 0.10 | nd/nq | 1.91 | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.005 | 0.01 | nd/nq | 0.01 | 0.03 | nd/nq | 0.003 | 90.6 |
S9 | nd/nq | 18.38 | 74.44 | 3.27 | 2.00 | 0.12 | nd/nq | 1.70 | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.01 | 0.003 | 0.02 | 0.04 | nd/nq | 0.01 | 47.9 |
S10 | nd/nq | 19.75 | 73.74 | 5.14 | 0.95 | 0.03 | nd/nq | 0.34 | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.003 | 0.02 | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.01 | 104.1 |
S11 | 1.05 | 14.06 | 75.18 | 5.10 | 3.45 | 0.11 | nd/nq | 0.97 | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.01 | 0.01 | nd/nq | 0.01 | 0.03 | nd/nq | 0.01 | 27.3 |
S12 | 1.09 | 15.47 | 75.02 | 4.09 | 2.36 | 0.13 | nd/nq | 1.76 | nd/nq | nd/nq | 0.01 | 0.01 | nd/nq | 0.01 | 0.04 | nd/nq | 0.02 | 40.0 |
Sample Number | Initial Information About the Blue Pigment | Stylistic Dating | Polymerization Index Ip = A500/A1000 and (R) Values | Glaze Type | Raman Type Spectrum | XRD- Body Mineral Composition | GSDR Type for the Blue Absorption Spectra |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
XRD- Glaze Mineral Composition | |||||||
Sample S0—faience | Iran cobalt | 12th century | 0.68 | Alkaline | Only ν and δ envelopes | ___ | Iranian type |
___ | |||||||
Sample S1—Ming porcelain | Iran cobalt | 16th century | 1.3(47.5) | Calcium based | Only ν and δ envelopes | Qz; Mull; An | Iranian type |
Qz; Mull; An | |||||||
Sample S2—Ming porcelain | Iran cobalt | 16th century | 0.73(29.2) | Alkaline | Quartz peaks on top of ν and δ envelopes | Qz; Mull | Chinese type |
Qz; Mull; An | |||||||
Sample S3— Ming porcelain | Iran cobalt + Chinese cobalt | 16th century (late) | 1.6(120.2) | Calcium based | Quartz peaks on top of ν and δ envelopes | Qz; Mull | Chinese type |
Qz; Mull; An | |||||||
Sample S4— Ming porcelain | Iran cobalt + Chinese cobalt | 17th century (early) | 1.5(80.6) | Calcium based | Quartz peaks on top of ν and δ envelopes | Qz; Mull; An | Chinese type |
Qz; An | |||||||
Sample S5— Ming porcelain | Iran cobalt + Chinese cobalt | 16th century (late) | 1.1(18.7) | Calcium based | Quartz peaks on top of ν and δ envelopes | Qz; Mull; An | Chinese type |
Qz; Mull; An | |||||||
Sample S6— Ming porcelain | Iran cobalt + Chinese cobalt | 17th century (early) | 1.1(19.2) | Calcium based | Quartz peaks on top of ν and δ envelopes | Qz; Mull; An | Chinese type |
Qz; Mull; An | |||||||
Sample S7— Wanli porcelain | Iran cobalt + Chinese cobalt | 16th c. (late) or 17th c. (early) | 0.84(38.3) | Alkaline | Quartz peaks on top of ν and δ envelopes | Qz; Mull; An | Chinese type |
Qz; Mull; An | |||||||
Sample S8— Wanli porcelain | Iran cobalt + Chinese cobalt | 16th c. (late) or 17th c. (early) | 0.76(90.6) | Alkaline | Quartz peaks on top of ν and δ envelopes | Qz; Mull; An | Chinese type |
Qz; Mull; An | |||||||
Sample S9— Kangxi porcelain. | White sample No cobalt | 17th century (late) | 2.5(47.9) | Calcium based | Quartz peaks on top of ν and δ envelopes | Qz; Mull; An | ___ |
Qz; Mull | |||||||
Sample S10— Kangxi porcelain | White sample No cobalt | 17th century (late) | 1.9(104.1) | Calcium based | Quartz peaks on top of ν and δ envelopes | Qz; Mull; An | ___ |
Qz; Mull; An | |||||||
Sample S11— Qing porcelain | Iran cobalt + Chinese cobalt | 18th century (early) | 1.0(27.3) | Calcium based | Both types | Qz; Mull; An | Iranian + Chinese type |
Qz; Mull; An | |||||||
Sample S12— Qing porcelain | Iran cobalt + Chinese cobalt | 18th century (early) | 2.0(40.0) | Calcium based | Both types | Qz; Mull; An | Iranian + Chinese Type |
Qz; Mull; An |
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Ferreira, L.F.V.; Ferreira Machado, I.; Gomes, R.V.; Gomes, M.V.; Pereira, M.F.C. An Archaeometric Study of Twelve Porcelain Chinese Sherds Found at the Santana Convent in Lisbon—16th to 18th Centuries. Heritage 2025, 8, 253. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8070253
Ferreira LFV, Ferreira Machado I, Gomes RV, Gomes MV, Pereira MFC. An Archaeometric Study of Twelve Porcelain Chinese Sherds Found at the Santana Convent in Lisbon—16th to 18th Centuries. Heritage. 2025; 8(7):253. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8070253
Chicago/Turabian StyleFerreira, Luís F. Vieira, Isabel Ferreira Machado, Rosa Varela Gomes, Mário Varela Gomes, and Manuel F. C. Pereira. 2025. "An Archaeometric Study of Twelve Porcelain Chinese Sherds Found at the Santana Convent in Lisbon—16th to 18th Centuries" Heritage 8, no. 7: 253. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8070253
APA StyleFerreira, L. F. V., Ferreira Machado, I., Gomes, R. V., Gomes, M. V., & Pereira, M. F. C. (2025). An Archaeometric Study of Twelve Porcelain Chinese Sherds Found at the Santana Convent in Lisbon—16th to 18th Centuries. Heritage, 8(7), 253. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8070253