From Heritage to High-Tech: The Impact of Technology on Camels in the United Arab Emirates

Abstract

The authors examine the transformative impact of technological advancements on the customary traditions associated with camels in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). We conducted 21 semi-structured interviews with Emirati camel owners/breeders, focusing on the effects of innovations in breeding, racing, beauty contests, and heritage preservation. The findings reveal that genetic technologies have reshaped camel husbandry by enhancing desirable traits, while introducing commercialization. In camel racing, robotic jockeys, biometric monitoring, and GPS tracking have revolutionized training and competition, making the sport a highly regulated, technology-driven industry. Similarly, camel beauty contests have been influenced by genetic selection, aesthetic standards, and controversial cosmetic enhancements. While these advancements have increased the economic value of camels, they have also altered traditional perceptions, raising concerns about the commodification of Emirati heritage. Additionally, online platforms and digital tools have facilitated the global promotion of camels, fostering connections between owners/breeders and enthusiasts, while introducing new modes of engagement. The study demonstrates how technological progress both preserves and challenges the customary traditions associated with camels, offering insights into the intersection of modernization and cultural heritage in the UAE.

1. Introduction

Camels, belonging to the genus Camelus, are large, hooved mammals that are adapted to survive in the dry, desert environments of Africa and Asia. The genus consists of three species: the dromedary, which has a single hump (Camelus dromedarius), and the Bactrians, which have two humps (Camelus bactrianus and Camelus ferus) [1]. The domestication of dromedary camels by the Bedouins (from the Arabic word badawī meaning ‘desert dweller’) began between 1100 and 1800 BCE in the south-eastern Arabian Peninsula (present-day Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE) [2]. The Bedouins are Arab tribes traditionally known for their nomadic pastoral lifestyle across the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, the Levant, and Mesopotamia [3]. The Arabian Peninsula (present-day Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Yemen, southern Iraq, and Jordan) was historically central to the Bedouin way of life [4].

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) was founded on 2 December 1971, originally consisting of Abu Dhabi (the capital), Ajman, Fujairah, Sharjah, Dubai, and Umm Al Quwain. Ras Al Khaimah joined the union on 10 January 1972 [5]. Situated on the eastern side of the Arabian Peninsula, the UAE shares borders with Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the southwest (Figure 1). Its strategic location along the Arabian Gulf has historically connected it to maritime trade routes linking the Middle East, East Africa, South Asia, and beyond.

Prior to the formation of the country, the area was home to a mosaic of economic and social communities. These included nomadic Bedouin tribes in the interior, coastal fisherfolk, pearling divers, date farmers, caravan traders, religious scholars, and urban merchants. Hawker [6] argued that the selective cultural memory that romanticizes a Bedouin past in the UAE, obscures the roles of other key socio-economic actors, especially those in coastal towns and oases. The emphasis on Bedouin heritage in state discourse, however, is a modern construction that has come to symbolize authenticity and national identity, even if it does not reflect the lived realities of all Emiratis. Moreover, Davidson [7] highlighted the importance of maritime commerce and the pearling economy in shaping Gulf societies. Until the 1930s, pearling was the dominant economic activity along the Trucial Coast, employing thousands and generating wealth that sustained port cities such as Dubai and Sharjah. The collapse of the pearling industry due to Japanese cultured pearls and the global depression led to significant economic hardship, setting the stage for the socio-economic shifts that accompanied oil development. Abed et al. [8] noted that the urban settlements in the pre-oil era were home to vibrant trade networks, linking the Gulf with ports in India, Iran, and East Africa. These towns supported religious institutions, markets, and skilled craftsmanship, offering a stark contrast to the desert-centric imagery often associated with the UAE’s early years. Agricultural communities in Al Ain and Liwa practiced oasis farming, relying on falaj irrigation systems to cultivate date palms and grains, further evidence of settled life and adaptive environmental knowledge [9].

With the export of oil beginning in the 1960s and the subsequent formation of the federation in the early 1970s, the UAE embarked on a period of rapid economic growth fueled by oil revenues, strategic investments, and a blend of liberalization with government oversight. This resulted in the development of education, healthcare, housing, and transport infrastructure that prompted a shift towards urban migration [10,11]. Despite such rapid transformations, the UAE maintains a political system that blends traditional values with contemporary governance, ensuring the preservation of its cultural heritage. This is reflected in the country’s efforts to host festivals, create heritage villages and museums, and conserve mosques. Camels have remained central to some of these initiatives, symbolizing the nation’s deep-rooted heritage while adapting to modern cultural and economic transformations [12]

The purpose of the study is to understand the effects of technological advancements on camel heritage in the UAE, examining innovations in breeding, racing, beauty contests, and heritage preservation. The main research question is, how have technological advancements transformed camel heritage in the UAE, from traditional Bedouin roots to modern Emirati practices? The objectives are to examine the impact of breeding technologies and genetic modifications on camel husbandry in the UAE; to analyze the role of technological advancements in camel racing and beauty contests; and to investigate how online technologies have influenced camel heritage.

To address the research question and objectives, we begin by reviewing some of the relevant academic literature on the effects that the introduction of various technologies has had on camel husbandry, positioning our study within existing scholarships. This is followed by designing a qualitative research methodology that includes semi-structured interviews with camel owners/breeders in the UAE to answer a series of questions about the ways technological advancements have transformed camel heritage in the UAE. We then provide an analysis of the findings by highlighting the insights from the perspectives and in the words of camel owners/breeders in the UAE. We conclude by assessing the significance of the findings for current Emirati culture and suggest a way forward for future research.

2. Literature Review

Camels have been a cornerstone of Bedouin society for millennia, serving as vital assets for transportation, sustenance, and cultural expression [13]. In recent years, camels have garnered renewed scholarly attention, particularly in the context of rapid sociocultural transformation in the Gulf. Scholars have begun to explore how camel heritage in the UAE and surrounding regions is being reshaped by globalization, heritage politics, and shifting gender dynamics. For example, Wieczorek [14] explores how Emirati women engage with camels, not only as caretakers or competitors in camel beauty contests, but as agents of cultural reproduction and innovation. This highlights gendered aspects of camel heritage that are often neglected, yet are central to understanding shifting social identities in the UAE. Similarly, AlWahaibi [15], and AlWahaibi et al. [16,17] argue for a more-than-human perspective by exploring camel-human relations in Omani Bedouin communities, emphasizing how camels are not just economic assets, but are embedded in emotional, spiritual, and ritualistic dimensions of daily life.

Khalaf [18,19] offered critical insights into the institutionalization and politicization of camel racing in the Gulf. He discussed how this traditional sport has evolved from informal tribal practice to a state-sponsored spectacle, intertwined with issues of national identity, class, and globalized forms of cultural production. His concept of “newly invented traditions” is particularly useful for understanding how the state and elites have shaped camels into a marker of heritage that aligns with nation-building agendas. Cooke [20] discussed how Gulf states mobilize cultural heritage as part of broader strategies of state-building and soft power, illustrating how traditional symbols like camels are recontextualized in modern national narratives. Similarly, Marino [21] explored the commodification of heritage in the UAE through camel beauty contests and festivals, noting how these events blend authenticity with spectacle to appeal to both local and international audiences. Rejwan [22] provides anthropological insights into Gulf Arab identity formation, with references to the symbolism of camels in tribal and national contexts. These studies offer rich empirical and theoretical frameworks for understanding how camels operate as mediators of identity, heritage, and transformation in contemporary Gulf societies. Furthermore, technological innovations in breeding, racing, aesthetics, and heritage preservation have transformed the customary traditions associated with camels.

2.1. Breeding Technologies and Genetic Modifications

Selective breeding has been practiced for centuries, but its application in camel husbandry has gained momentum with advances in genetic research. Selective breeding allows for the controlled propagation of desirable traits in a population of camels to improve speed, physical appearance, milk yield, and resilience to diseases [23]. In the UAE, the focus has primarily been on breeding camels that excel in two areas: racing and beauty contests. In the context of camel racing, selective breeding has focused on enhancing speed and endurance. Studies have identified genetic markers linked to muscle development and oxygen utilization, which are crucial for racing performance [24]. For example, the soughan, zebyan, hamloul, and shaheen camels, known for their speed and agility, have been selectively bred in the UAE to dominate racing circuits (Figure 2), while the hizami is valued for meat and milk (Figure 3). The use of genetic markers has also reduced the incidence of hereditary diseases, ensuring the long-term health and performance of racing camels [25,26]. Similarly, in beauty contests, traits such as coat color, hump shape, and overall conformation to specific standards are prioritized. Genetic research has revealed polymorphisms in genes like MC1R, which influence coat color variations in camels [27]. In addition, genetic research has identified markers associated with coat color and texture, allowing breeders to produce camels with the desired appearance [24]. These findings have enabled breeders to selectively mate camels with desirable phenotypes, thereby increasing their market value.

In the dairy sector, selective breeding has been employed to improve milk production and composition. Camel milk is rich in nutrients and has therapeutic properties. Genetic studies have identified quantitative trait loci associated with milk yield and fat content, providing a basis for selective breeding programs [28]. The emphasis on specific traits, however, has raised concerns about genetic diversity. Intensive selective breeding can lead to inbreeding depression, reducing the overall fitness and resilience of camel populations [29]. Camel milk is increasingly being marketed as a health food with medicinal properties. The development of high-yielding milk camels, such as those found at the Camelicious farm [30] in the UAE, illustrates how genetic research has played a role in enhancing the commercial viability of camel farming.

Artificial insemination enables the dissemination of elite genetics without the constraints of geographical proximity. It involves the collection, preservation, and artificial introduction of semen into female camels, ensuring precise genetic selection. This technique has been effective in enhancing traits such as racing performance, milk production, and aesthetic qualities. The development of artificial insemination in camels has faced unique challenges due to the species’ reproductive physiology. Camels are induced ovulators, meaning that ovulation is triggered by mating or hormonal stimulation. This necessitates careful timing and hormonal synchronization for successful artificial insemination [31]. Despite these challenges, artificial insemination has been successfully implemented in several camel-breeding regions, particularly in the Middle East. For example, the use of artificial insemination has enabled the rapid propagation of elite racing camels [32].

2.2. Racing Innovations and Aesthetic Enhancements

Historically, camel racing was an informal sport among Bedouin tribes, serving as entertainment and a means of assessing camel endurance and strength. The advent of modern technology has transformed camel racing into a highly regulated and technologically sophisticated sport [18]. Two of the most significant advancements are the introduction of robot jockeys and performance monitoring technologies, which have redefined the sport by enhancing safety, efficiency, and competitiveness.

Camel racing in the UAE initially relied on young children as jockeys due to their light weight; however, concerns about the welfare and exploitation of child jockeys, particularly those trafficked from South Asia and Africa, led to widespread criticism from international human rights organizations, raising serious ethical concerns related to child labor and safety [33]. In response, the UAE government banned the use of child jockeys in 2002, followed by the mandatory adoption of robot jockeys in 2005, as a safer and more ethical alternative [34]. Robot jockeys are mechanical devices mounted on camels, remotely controlled by trainers who adjust weight, movement, and whip activation to maximize performance. They are equipped with lightweight aluminum frames, GPS tracking, and voice transmitters, allowing trainers to communicate with their camels in real-time. Robot jockeys incorporate advanced sensors and biometric tracking systems, which allow trainers to monitor a camel’s heart rate and exertion levels during races. They are designed to mimic human riders, providing consistent weight distribution to ensure fair competition (Figure 4). These innovations have significantly reduced injuries, as trainers can adjust racing tactics based on real-time health data [35].

One of the most technologically advanced racing venues, Dubai’s Al Marmoom Camel Racetrack, utilizes artificial intelligence (AI) analytics that process vast amounts of data to enhance racing predictions and improve performance outcomes [36]. AI-based animal detection and tracking provide valuable insights for assessing body condition, calving processes, behavior analysis, and individual identification. Accurate identification is essential for ensuring animal welfare, disease prevention, vaccination, production management, and ownership tracking [37]. These systems allow trainers to compare historical performance data and adjust training routines accordingly.

Technological advancements have also had an effect on the cosmetic enhancements of camels in the camel beauty industry. This involves injecting Botox and fillers into various facial areas to achieve a more refined and symmetrical appearance. Botox is primarily used to relax facial muscles, creating a smoother look, while fillers add volume to key features such as the lips, nose, and hump. Some owners/breeders have resorted to artificial enhancements to improve their animals’ appearance more in line with beauty standards set by competition judges. These developments have raised questions about the intersection of tradition, technology, and ethical considerations in the camel beauty industry [38].

One incident highlighting the prevalence of artificial enhancements occurred during the King Abdulaziz Camel Festival in Saudi Arabia, where more than 40 camels were disqualified in 2020 due to the use of Botox and other banned substances [39]. In response, the UAE authorities have reinforced strict regulations against cosmetic procedures, implementing harsher penalties for owners/breeders who engage in unethical practices [40]. Despite clear regulations, some camel owners/breeders continue to seek ways to enhance their camels’ appearance through cosmetic interventions. This raises ethical concerns regarding animal welfare, such as procedures that can cause discomfort and health risks [38]. Veterinarians and animal rights organizations have advocated for stricter enforcement of regulations and increased awareness about the potential harm of artificial modifications [41]. In contrast, some proponents argue that these procedures are simply an extension of human beauty practices and should be considered part of the evolving camel beauty industry [42]. The debate underscores the tension between maintaining tradition and embracing modern technology in animal competitions.

2.3. Online Technologies and Heritage Preservation

Social media has played a crucial role in shaping public perceptions of camels in the UAE. Digital platforms such as Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube feature dedicated accounts showcasing camel farms, racing events, and beauty competitions. Influencers and camel owners/breeders often document the daily lives of high-value camels, providing insights into their training routines, diets, and competitions. The online presence of camels extends beyond individual influencers to government-backed initiatives [17]. The UAE’s Department of Culture and Tourism has launched campaigns promoting camel-related attractions, using virtual reality experiences and interactive online platforms to engage global audiences. For example, the Sheikh Zayed Heritage Festival offers virtual camel racing experiences, allowing users to simulate traditional sports through digital platforms [43]. Moreover, the use of blockchain technology has been explored in camel ownership authentication, ensuring transparency in trading high-value camels [44]. Digital transformations illustrate how traditional practices are increasingly mediated through technology, reinforcing camels as heritage symbols while embedding them into the modern economy.

The authors examine how technological advancements in breeding, racing and beauty contests, and heritage preservation have transformed the traditions associated with camels in the UAE. While the available academic literature offers extensive insights into the ways technological advancements have reshaped camels in the UAE, from their traditional Bedouin roots to contemporary Emirati practices, fewer studies explore these transformations from the perspectives of Emirati camel owners/breeders. Accordingly, the researchers bring into focus local voices, highlighting the agency of those who actively sustain camels. This approach acknowledges how cultural heritage is continuously negotiated and redefined in response to contemporary technological developments. Ultimately, the study provides a nuanced understanding of how traditional camel practices are being reinvented in the context of rapid economic development, globalization, urbanization, and technological change. By examining these shifts, the researchers capture the complex interplay between cultural continuity and innovation, offering insights into Emirati identity, social relations, and cultural expressions.

3. Methodology

The authors employed an “intensive” research design [45] to address the primary research question and objectives. This approach is particularly suited for analyzing how causal or structural processes operate in a specific context or set of cases. Rather than focusing on broad generalizations, intensive research examines groups that are structurally or causally connected, even if their individual characteristics vary. Participants are deliberately selected based on their relevance to the research topic and their connections to others within the studied network. This exploratory approach builds knowledge progressively, where insights from one participant inform the selection of subsequent participants, ultimately forming a causal group. The validity of findings is established through corroboration, ensuring that the results accurately reflect the experiences of those studied.

A qualitative research methodology was chosen using semi-structured interactive interviews as the primary data collection tool. The researchers recognize that interviews are inherently social interactions where both the researcher and participant bring their own perspectives and expectations. Establishing rapport is crucial to fostering trust and encouraging open communication. The flexibility of semi-structured interviews allows for deeper engagement with participants, enabling researchers to adapt questions based on the specific contexts and experiences of each individual. This interactive approach provides a richer understanding of the subject matter and allows for critical reflection on both the participants’ and the researchers’ assumptions [46].

To recruit participants, the researchers used a “snowball” sampling strategy [47], where initial contacts helped identify and refer additional contacts. This method was particularly useful, given the challenges of securing willing participants, for three reasons. First, existing networks, such as colleagues, friends, and family, played a crucial role in making initial connections. Second, referrals helped establish credibility and trust, as mentioning previous participants reassured new recruits about the legitimacy of the study. Third, snowball sampling provided flexibility, allowing researchers to adjust their approach based on emerging insights and logistical considerations.

The interview questions were open-ended to allow camel owners/breeders to elaborate on the technological transformations affecting camel traditions in the UAE. The questions were carefully crafted to be clear, neutral, and sensitive to participants’ privacy and social norms. After multiple revisions, they were translated into Arabic to ensure accessibility for all interviewees. To guarantee accuracy, three bilingual research assistants, two of whom were Emirati, collaborated on the translation process. Their familiarity with local language nuances and cultural contexts ensured the clarity and relevance of the translated questions. Additionally, computer-assisted translation tools were used to maintain consistency in terminology throughout the interviews.

Participants were identified through Emirati contacts in the Geography and Urban Sustainability Department and invited to participate the study. Those who agreed were provided with a consent document outlining their rights, the study’s purpose, and the expectations of both researchers and participants. Between January and April 2024, the researchers conducted 21 interviews, either in person or via Zoom. Each interview lasted between 45 and 60 min and was recorded with the participant’s permission. Conducting the interviews in Arabic offered several advantages: it allowed participants to express their thoughts more naturally, preserved cultural nuances that might otherwise be lost in translation, and fostered a sense of trust that encouraged open dialog. Once completed, the interviews were transcribed in Arabic and translated into English for analysis.

A thematic analysis was applied to examine the interview data. This involved systematically reviewing the transcripts to identify recurring themes and patterns. Thematic analysis is a versatile approach that provides a structured framework for recognizing key insights, deepening the understanding of complex issues, and offering rich interpretations of the data; however, because thematic analysis relies on subjective interpretation, there is a risk of bias or inconsistency in how meaning is derived from the data. To mitigate these risks, researchers took steps to ensure the reliability and validity of their findings by cross-referencing themes and maintaining rigorous analytical standards [46].

4. Findings

The camel population in the UAE grew from 430,372 in 2015 to 569,527 in 2022, reflecting an average annual growth rate of 4.08% [48]. Most of these camels are owned by Emirati citizens, which account for approximately 1.4 million or 11.5% of the UAE’s population, while expatriates account for approximately 11.1 million or 88.5% of the population [49]. This translates to roughly 2.5 Emiratis per camel. The increasing camel population and the high number of Emirati camel owners may be linked to several key factors. Firstly, camels hold deep cultural significance in the UAE, representing heritage, identity, and social status. Secondly, there are effective breeding programs, supported by advanced techniques, veterinary care, and genetic research, alongside conservation initiatives backed by the government and Emirati citizens. Thirdly, camels play a role in the UAE’s economic diversification efforts, particularly in agribusiness (e.g., milk and meat production) and tourism (e.g., racing and beauty contests). Lastly, government policies aimed at fostering national identity and unity have reinforced the importance of camels as symbols of the UAE’s Bedouin roots.

The majority of the UAE’s camel population (89.7%) is located in Abu Dhabi, followed by Sharjah (4.6%), Umm Al-Quwain (2.3%), Ras Al-Khaimah (2.2%), Ajman (0.6%), Dubai (0.3%), and Fujairah (0.3%) [48]. Since Abu Dhabi covers 67,340 square kilometers or 84% of the UAE’s total land area [48], camels are effectively spread across the entire country (Figure 5). Additionally, the camel population in the UAE consists of 15.2% males and 84.8% females [48]. This imbalance is due to several factors: female camels are essential for breeding programs, highly valued for their milk production, and preferred for riding and racing activities.

The 21 camel owners/breeders who were interviewed by the researchers reside in three Emirates: Abu Dhabi (18), Dubai (2), and Sharjah (1). The gender composition of the camels in the sample consisted of approximately 124 or 20% males and approximately 489 or 80% females. The ages of the camels ranged from 1 to 25 years, with most being 8 years old or younger. The owners’/breeders’ owned and bred camels from 3 to 30 years, with many since childhood (

Table 1. Owners’/breeders’, camels’, and herds’ characteristics.

Owner and Breeder Gender	Owner and Breeder Place of Residence	Number of Male and Female Camels	Camels’ Age Range	Number of Years Owning and Breeding Camels	Location of the Camels
Male	Abu Dhabi, Al Ain City	~40 camels		Since childhood	Izba (farm)
Male	Abu Dhabi, Al Qoua	5 males 79 females	1–8 years	Since childhood	Abu Dhabi, Al Qoua
Male	Abu Dhabi City	4 males 30 females	5–15 years	5 years	Al-Ain, Umm Al-Aush
Female	Abu Dhabi, Al Ain City	2 males 3 females	5–7 years	Since childhood	Izba (farm)
Male	Abu Dhabi, Al Ain City	~18 males 42 females	15–17 years	Since childhood	Izba (farm)
Female	Abu Dhabi City	>80 camels	All ages	Since childhood	Izba (farm), Wafia area
Male	Dubai City	8 males 7 females	1–15 years	>10 years	Izba (farm)
Male	Abu Dhabi City	>50 camels	1–20 years	Since childhood	Izba (farm)
Male	Abu Dhabi, Al Ain City	15 males 10 females	1–20 years	30 years	Izba (farm)
Male	Abu Dhabi City	5 males 20 females	1–5 years	Since childhood	Izba (farm)
Male	Abu Dhabi, Al Ain City	18 males 12 females	3–17 years	Since childhood	Izba (farm)
Male	Abu Dhabi, Al Ain City	40 camels	1–6 years	Since childhood	Izba (farm)
Female	Abu Dhabi, Al Ain City	4 males 68 females	All ages	Since childhood	Izba (farm)
Male	Abu Dhabi City	~15 males ~100 females	All ages	Since childhood	Izba (farm)
Male	Abu Dhabi, Al Ain City	20 camels	2–18 years	8 years	Izba (farm)
Male	Dubai City	6 males 4 females	3–12 years	10 years	Izba (farm)
Male	Abu Dhabi City	5 males 10 females	20–25 years	Since childhood	Izba (farm)
Male	Abu Dhabi, Al Ain City	4 males 3 females	3–15 years	3 years	Izba (farm)
Female	Sharjah, Kalba City	7 camels	1–6 years	>15 years	Izba (farm)
Female	Abu Dhabi, Al Ain City	Many camels	All ages	Since childhood	Izba (farm)
Male	Abu Dhabi City	20 males 180 females	2 months–5 years	Since childhood	Izba (farm)

).

5. Discussion

Our analysis of the interviews was structured around three central themes that collectively highlight how technological advancements have transformed the traditions associated with camels in the UAE. First, we focused on breeding technologies and genetic modifications, exploring the effects of advancements in camel breeding practices, including the use of genetic research to enhance desirable traits. Second, we examined the impact of racing innovations and aesthetic enhancements, exploring the evolution of camel racing as a sport, the use of technology to improve performance, and the growing emphasis on beauty contests and aesthetic standards for camels. Third, we investigated the influence of online technologies on camels, analyzing how digital platforms and social media are being utilized to promote camels, preserve Emirati heritage, and engage younger generations in traditional practices.

5.1. Redefining Camel Heritage Through Technological Innovations in Breeding and Genetics

The introduction of advanced breeding technologies and genetic modifications have had a significant impact on camels [25], shaping camel husbandry, racing and beauty contests, and broader cultural traditions. On the one hand, scientific progress has strengthened the economic and competitive value of camels, improving their health, performance, and desirability. On the other hand, these changes have introduced commercialization and market-driven priorities that, in some ways, challenge traditional cultural perceptions of camels.

One of the most significant impacts of technological advancements in camel breeding has been the increased precision in genetic selection. In the past, traditional breeding relied on natural selection and the careful observation of camel owners, but the outcomes were often unpredictable [26]. As one owner/breeder explained, “Before these technologies, breeding was a slow and uncertain process. We had to rely on natural selection, and even the best camels sometimes did not pass on their traits”. With the introduction of artificial insemination and genetic testing, camel owners/breeders can now carefully select the best bloodlines, improving the quality and competitiveness of their herds. The ability to refine desirable traits has allowed breeders to produce camels that excel in specific areas, such as racing, beauty competitions, or milk production. Another owner/breeder highlighted the importance of these advancements, “with artificial insemination and genetic testing, we can carefully choose which camels to breed. This has helped us create stronger, faster camels while preserving their background [lineage]”. These innovations have made breeding a much more predictable and efficient process, allowing owners/breeders to maintain high-quality herds without relying on chance.

The ability to selectively breed camels for specific desirable traits has had a transformative effect on racing and beauty contests [18,50]. For racing, speed and endurance are the most valued characteristics, and genetic testing has allowed breeders to enhance these attributes more effectively. One owner/breeder stated, “For racing camels, speed and how far a camel runs [endurance] are the most important traits. We use genetic testing to find camels with strong breathing [cardiovascular] performance and bigger muscles [efficient muscle composition]”. This has yielded measurable results, with racing camels today performing at much higher levels than in previous generations. Similarly, beauty contests have benefited from advancements in genetic selection. Physical attributes such as a long, elegant neck, symmetrical facial features, and a well-shaped hump are all desirable traits in camel beauty competitions. One owner/breeder said, “In beauty contests, we focus on specific traits such as the camel’s neck length, hump shape, and the beauty of the face [facial symmetry]. Some features, like a perfectly sized nose and large eyes, are very important in competitions”. By using modern breeding techniques, camel owners/breeders have been able to consistently produce camels with these prized characteristics, increasing their chances of winning prestigious competitions.

In addition to improving physical traits, technological advancements have significantly enhanced the health and longevity of camels. Traditional camel husbandry often faced challenges such as disease outbreaks, difficult pregnancies, and high calf mortality rates. Modern veterinary practices and genetic modifications have drastically improved these conditions [51]. As one owner/breeder claimed, “the doctors and new techniques [veterinary practices] have been great for camel health. Vaccinations and better treatments have lessened the number of illnesses that used to be common in the past”. The introduction of genetic testing has allowed breeders to identify and eliminate hereditary diseases, ensuring that only the healthiest camels are bred. Furthermore, improvements in reproductive health have led to increased survival rates for both mothers and calves. According to one owner/breeder, “a big improvement has been in camels having a calf [reproductive health]. In the past, complications during pregnancy were common, and we often lost valuable camels. With modern doctor [veterinary] care, including modern equipment to scan [ultrasound scans] and help with birthing [assisted reproduction], we can look after pregnancies closely and help out when needed”. Medical advancements have not only increased the lifespan of camels but have also contributed to their overall well-being, ensuring that they remain valuable assets in Emirati society.

Despite these undeniable benefits, the increasing reliance on technology in camel breeding and genetic modification has also introduced challenges. One major concern is the commercialization of camels, which some of the owners/breeders argued has shifted their significance from cultural heritage to economic commodity. The rise in genetic enhancements has turned camels into high-value assets for competition and investment [23]. One owner/breeder put it this way, “new breeding methods have improved the quality and performance of camels… it has also made them more for the market [commercialized]. Today, many people invest in camels for money [economic] reasons, instead of their historical role in Bedouin and Emirati culture”. This shift has raised concerns about whether the deep cultural connection between Emiratis and their camels is being eroded in favor of financial incentives.

Another challenge posed by technological advancements is the potential loss of traditional breeding knowledge. For centuries, camel breeding was an art and a skill passed down through generations, with experienced owners/breeders relying on their intuition and understanding of camel lineage [52]. With the introduction of genetic research and artificial insemination, some worry that this ancestral knowledge is being replaced by science, while others argue that genetic research can actually play a role in preserving traditional breeds. One owner/breeder explained the dilemma, “people worry that modern breeding will erase traditional camel breeds, but I see it as a way to protect them. By understanding their genetics, we can prevent inbreeding and keep their bloodlines strong”. This perspective suggests that technology does not necessarily have to replace tradition but can instead be used as a tool to sustain and strengthen it.

Technological advancements in camel husbandry are reshaping perceptions of camels in the UAE, from utilitarian animals to highly valued symbols of heritage, status, and national identity [19]. One owner/breeder explained, “Technology is changing the way we view camels. Before, they were mainly for transportation and survival. Now, they are more like symbols of heritage and prestige. Genetic improvements have made camels more valuable, turning them into important animals to own [high-status] in racing and beauty contests”. The shift has led to an increased interest in camel-related activities, including festivals, competitions, and tourism initiatives that celebrate their cultural importance. This has raised issues around a modern focus on spectacle and competition that distances camels from their historical role in Emirati society. Another owner/breeder reflected on this transformation by stating, “Our ancestors bred camels for survival, but today, we breed them for performance, how they look [aesthetics], and how much they cost [economic value]”. Genetic research has helped to preserve the traits that define Emirati camel heritage, while ensuring they meet modern expectations.

5.2. Mixing Innovations with Traditional Camel Racing and Beauty Contests

The integration of technological advancements into camel racing has impacted on the traditions and social practices associated with the sport. One of the most significant advancements has been the introduction of robotic jockeys. These devices, controlled remotely by trainers, ensure a more ethical approach to racing camels while allowing for precise adjustments during the races [53]. One owner/breeder stated, “robotic jockeys have completely changed camel racing. Before, we relied on child jockeys, which was risky. Now, robotic jockeys allow us to monitor and control the race using remote control, and it is more fair for races and better for the camel”. These changes have enhanced the sport’s reputation, making it more palatable for international audiences while maintaining the excitement of traditional races.

In addition to robotic jockeys, GPS tracking and biometric monitoring have become essential tools in camel racing. Owners/breeders now rely on real-time data to optimize a camel’s training regimen, adjusting speed, endurance, and hydration levels based on precise measurements. This scientific approach has led to greater efficiency and competitiveness [37]. Another owner/breeder highlighted the impact of such technology, “Modern technology has made camel racing more scientific. With use the technology to track the health of the camel [biometric tracking], we can train the animal much better, we keep track of the heart rate, we even adjust the diet of the camel to improve its running [enhance performance]…robotic jockeys means we can control the weight and the running more accurately”. These innovations have enhanced the sport, making it safer and more professional.

Some argue that these technological changes have distanced camel racing from its traditional roots. Previously, camel racing was more about the connection between the owner/breeder and the camel. This bond extends beyond utility, as camel owners/breeders develop emotional attachments to their animals, seeing them as companions, sources of pride, and even reflections of personal and social identity, reinforcing their role in shaping both individual and collective cultural values [15]. The move toward technology-driven training and racing has, for some, removed the personal bond that once defined the sport. One owner/breeder reflected on this concern, “Before robotic jockeys, the sport was more unpredictable, relying heavily on the skills of the jockeys. Now, technology has taken all that excitement away from racing. The ability to track a camel’s strength to keep running [stamina], if its thirsty [hydration levels], and even how it feels after running [recovery rates] was all part of being a great trainer, but now the machines do all the work…now racing has become too much about money [commercialized]”. This tension between modernization and cultural authenticity remains a central theme in discussions about the future of camel racing.

Beyond racing technology, advancements in training methods and equipment have reshaped how camels are prepared for competition. Specialized treadmills, controlled diet plans, and even altitude training have become common [54,55,56]. These methods allow for more precise conditioning, increasing speed and stamina in ways that were previously impossible. One owner/breeder explained, “we used to train camels by going on long desert walks, where camels built strength [endurance] naturally. Today, we use specialized treadmills, controlled diets, and even training in mountainous areas [altitude training] to improve performance. We also rely on information from computers [biometric monitoring] to change the way we train”. The challenge for owners/breeders lies in striking a balance between utilizing new technologies and preserving the skills and wisdom that have historically defined camel racing in the UAE.

Parallel to the advancements in racing, camel beauty contests have also evolved due to technological innovations. Once judged primarily on natural traits and lineage, beauty competitions now emphasize specific physical features, leading breeders to adopt selective breeding practices to enhance desirable characteristics. Certain attributes, such as a long neck, large lips, and dark coats, have become highly valued, influencing breeding strategies [57]. One owner/breeder remarked, “beauty contests have changed the way we breed and select camels. Before, a camel’s value was based on its strength, how long it can travel, and how well it is adapted to local conditions. Now, with more beauty contests, traits like a long neck, large lips, and a become hump have become important”. This shift has had economic and social implications, increasing the value of camels that meet aesthetic standards, while side-lining others that do not. Some traditional breeders argue that this focus on aesthetics undermines the cultural and functional legacy of camel husbandry, as it prioritizes appearance over traits, which were once crucial for survival in the desert environment. Furthermore, the rising demand for camels that look ‘perfect’ has also driven up prices, making beauty contests a highly lucrative industry. An owner/breeder elaborated, “The market for these perfect looking camels is going up. Buyers are willing to pay lots of money for camels with these features, which has made breeders to be more strategic. The traditional ways of breeding based on natural traits is slowly going way to specific kind of breeding mainly for the purpose of producing the most nice-looking animals”. As a result, the deep-rooted traditions of camel breeding are gradually being reshaped by commercial interests, where financial gain and prestige increasingly dictate breeding priorities over heritage and functionality.

The growing emphasis on aesthetics has also led to ethical concerns. Some owners/breeders have resorted to using banned cosmetic enhancements such as Botox injections and fillers to enhance their camels’ features. These practices, though prohibited, reflect the increasing pressure to conform to modern beauty standards. One owner/breeder acknowledged this tension, “beauty contests have changed the culture around camels. We now have special breeders focusing on producing the most really beautiful camels. While this has brought international recognition to our heritage and the UAE, the focus on looks overshadows the traditional bond between Bedouins and their camels”. This growing divide between traditional camel husbandry and modern commercial breeding raises questions about the long-term cultural significance of camels in the UAE, as economic incentives increasingly shape breeding practices at the expense of historical customs and ethical considerations.

5.3. Online Technologies and the Preservation of Camel Heritage

The rapid advancement of online technologies in the UAE has had profound effects on the traditions associated with camels. This has created unprecedented opportunities for the promotion and preservation of heritage and has introduced new challenges. Online platforms such as Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, and WhatsApp have revolutionized the way owners/breeders engage with camels, preserving heritage as an economic asset, while reinforcing place attachment and cultural identity [58].

One of the most significant impacts of online technologies has been the increased visibility of camels on a global scale. Social media platforms allow owners/breeders to showcase their camels to audiences beyond the UAE, attracting international buyers, enthusiasts, and investors. Previously, camel breeding and trading were localized, relying on personal networks and word-of-mouth communication. Now, a single viral post can significantly increase the market value of a camel. As one owner/breeder explained, “social media has completely changed the way we present our camels. Before, buyers and enthusiasts had to visit our farms or attend races and contests in person. We now showcase our best camels on Instagram, TikTok, and specialized platforms. A single viral post can increase the value of a camel overnight”. This has allowed breeders to reach wider audiences, creating more economic opportunities and elevating the global status of Emirati.

Furthermore, online technologies have played a crucial role in educating younger generations about camels. Owners/breeders share historical narratives, training methods, and daily routines. One owner/breeder emphasized the importance of social media, “we use social media not just for selling camels, but for educating people about our heritage. My son runs a TikTok page where he shares stories about the history of camel racing and how previous generations relied on camels for survival”. The increased digital exposure has also led to the expansion of camel-related tourism and cultural festivals [18]. This has resulted in economic benefits and has strengthened national pride. As one owner/breeder noted, “international media outlets cover our camel festivals, and global audiences follow our races. This gives new life to old traditions and attracts new people”. Online technologies have helped create a sense of cultural continuity, bridging generational gaps and reinforcing the significance of camels in modern Emirati society.

Online technologies have also facilitated the increased commercialization of camel heritage and the potential for deteriorating traditional values. While online technologies have helped preserve certain aspects of heritage, they have also introduced a business-oriented approach that sometimes prioritizes financial gain over cultural authenticity. Some owners/breeders have expressed concerns that the rising financial stakes in camel racing and beauty contests are shifting attention away from the deep cultural and emotional connection that many Emiratis have traditionally shared with their camels. “Camels are a multi-million-dirham business, partly due to their popularity on the internet. This is good in one way because of the money you can make and people around the world knowing about our heritage, but it has also led to changes in the way we view camels. In the past, camels were part of our daily lives, but now, for some, they are only a business”. This shift in perception and behavior could potentially erode the traditional values of camels.

While older generations lament the introduction of online technologies, younger generations express a different perspective. On the one hand, social media engagement has made camel-related traditions more appealing to younger Emiratis, encouraging them to participate in races, beauty contests, breeding programs, and cultural events. One owner/breeder observed, “younger people today are much more involved in camel-related traditions than before, thanks to the internet. My nephews never used to be interested in camel racing, but after seeing videos on social media and participating in online groups, they now actively take part in training and events”. On the other hand, another owner/breeder raised some concerns about the attitude of younger owners/breeders, “some of the young people are more interested in the fame and glamor of owning a famous camel rather than understanding the hard work and dedication required to care for them properly…it has become like a side business for more money… the hard work is often left to the hired hands instead of becoming part of the sport”. Ultimately, balancing the benefits of online technologies with the need to preserve the authenticity of camel heritage requires a thoughtful approach. Many owners/breeders recognize the importance of integrating modern technology while maintaining traditional practices. This approach highlights the potential for technology to complement rather than replace traditional knowledge and values.

6. Conclusions

The transformative impact of technological advancements on camels in the UAE has marked a shift from traditional Bedouin traditions to modern Emirati practices. Our study explored how genetic modifications, breeding technologies, and digital innovations have reshaped camel husbandry, racing and beauty contests, and broader heritage preservation efforts. The findings reveal that while these advancements have enhanced camel performance, health, and economic value, they have also introduced commercialization and market-driven priorities that challenge traditional perceptions and practices.

The refining of camel husbandry using genetic selection and artificial insemination has provided breeders with the ability to produce camels that excel in specific domains, such as racing, beauty competitions, or milk production. This predictability and efficiency in breeding have ensured that only camels with the most desirable traits are reproduced, leading to superior generations of animals. This process has also commercialized camel breeding, shifting the focus from cultural heritage to economic investment. As camels become high-value assets, the traditional bond between humans and camels risks being overshadowed by financial motivations.

The technological evolution of camel racing including the introduction of robotic jockeys has revolutionized the sport, replacing child jockeys with remote-controlled robotic devices that enhance safety and fairness. Furthermore, biometric monitoring and GPS tracking have allowed for data-driven training, optimizing camels’ physical capabilities while ensuring their well-being. These innovations have professionalized camel racing, attracting global attention and investment. Nevertheless, some argue that technology has removed the human element from racing, diminishing the deep-rooted relationships between trainers and their camels. The sport has evolved from a test of skill and intuition to one driven by scientific precision, enhancing performance in many ways, but also distancing it from its traditional roots.

Similarly, the influence of technology on camel beauty contests has redefined the criteria for aesthetic excellence. Genetic modifications and selective breeding have enabled breeders to enhance specific physical attributes, making camels more likely to win competitions. The increasing emphasis on aesthetics has made beauty contests more lucrative, driving up the value of camels that meet modern beauty standards. This shift has led to ethical concerns, with some breeders resorting to banned cosmetic procedures to enhance their camels’ appearance. This underscores the tension between maintaining cultural authenticity and adapting to contemporary competitive demands.

Digital technologies have been effective in preserving and promoting camel heritage. Social media platforms, online marketplaces, and virtual camel auctions have facilitated global engagement, expanding the reach of Emirati camel heritage beyond national borders. This has allowed for greater knowledge-sharing and economic opportunities, fostering a renewed appreciation for camels in modern society. The transition to online platforms has also altered traditional modes of interaction, replacing in-person gatherings with virtual transactions and discussions.

The study is significant because it provides a nuanced understanding of how technological advancements are reshaping a fundamental aspect of Emirati identity from the perspective of owners/breeders in the UAE. By examining the intersection of tradition and innovation, the study contributes to existing knowledge on cultural adaptation and modernization. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, owners/breeders, and cultural preservationists, helping them navigate the balance between embracing progress and safeguarding heritage. Additionally, the study underscores the broader implications of technology on cultural practices, providing a framework for analyzing similar transformations in other traditions worldwide.

Despite these contributions, this study is not without limitations. One constraint is the potential bias in perspectives, as many interviews were conducted with camel owners/breeders who have differing opinions on technological advancements. Additionally, the study primarily focuses on owners/breeders in the UAE, limiting its applicability to other regions where camel heritage may have evolved differently. Future research could explore comparative studies in other countries and/or regions or investigate the long-term effects of technological interventions on camel populations and cultural practices.

Further investigation into the ethical dimensions of genetic modifications and beauty contest practices would also be beneficial. Understanding the consequences of extreme selective breeding and the impact of cosmetic enhancements on animal welfare is crucial for developing regulations that maintain cultural integrity while ensuring ethical treatment. Moreover, exploring how younger generations perceive these technological shifts could offer insights into the future trajectory of camel heritage in the UAE.

Ultimately, the study reinforces the idea that tradition and technology are not necessarily opposing forces; rather, they can coexist in ways that both preserve and evolve cultural practices. The challenge lies in ensuring that modernization enhances, rather than diminishes, the cultural significance of camels in Emirati society. As the UAE continues to embrace technological advancements, it must also remain committed to protecting the deep-rooted traditions that define its heritage. By striking a careful balance between progress and preservation, the UAE can ensure that camel heritage remains a living, evolving tradition that honors both its Bedouin past and its dynamic future.