Spatial Characteristics of Land Subsidence in Architectural Heritage Sites of Beijing’s Royal Gardens Based on Remote Sensing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Collected Data
2.1. Target Area of Research
- Waterside buildings: Defined as buildings adjacent to water, with parts of the structure, such as platforms and walls, in contact with the water (Figure 3a);
- Near-water buildings: Defined as buildings within the protected area of a lake. According to Beijing’s standards for the management and protection of small rivers and lakes, to ensure water and ecological safety, the water environment protection range for the banks of Kunming Lake at the Summer Palace extends 20 m from the 20-year flood line; in Beihai Park, it extends 20 m from the regular water level line and 5 m from the island perimeter (Figure 3b);
- Buildings on gentle slopes: Defined as buildings situated on terrain with a slope below 6°. According to terrain slope grading standards, the layout of buildings in areas with a slope value below 6° is not restricted by topography (Figure 3c);
- Buildings in hilly areas: Defined as buildings situated on terrain with a slope value above 6°. The topography constrains buildings in the layout of these areas (Figure 3d).
2.2. Data Acquisition
3. Methods
3.1. PS-InSAR Technique
3.2. SBAS-InSAR Technique
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Comparison of the Land Subsidence Monitoring Results of PS-InSAR and SBAS-InSAR
4.2. Spatial Characteristics of Land Subsidence in Building Heritage Sites
4.3. Analysis of Driving Factors of Land Subsidence
4.3.1. “Excavating Lakes and Piling Hills” Landscape and Environmental Influence
4.3.2. Rock Landscape and Rock Weathering
4.3.3. Terrain-Based Landscape and Slope Instability
5. Conclusions
- This study employs remote sensing technology to monitor the subsidence of landscape heritage sites and analyze influencing factors. By integrating PS-InSAR and SBAS-InSAR techniques, the land subsidence of ancient buildings in four royal gardens in Beijing from 2019 to 2023 was analyzed. The significant subsidence areas identified by both methods are consistent;
- By further analyzing the subsiding areas to the location types of buildings within the heritage sites, it was found that hilly buildings (Type C), waterside buildings (Type A1), and near-water buildings (Type A2) are relatively more prone to subsidence;
- The subsidence of Type C and Type A buildings on islands in Beihai Park, the hills in Jing Hill Park, and the northeastern scenic area in the Summer Palace may be attributed to “excavating lakes and piling hills” construction methods, which led to the presence of thick Holocene sediments in the subsoil of these heritage sites. The land subsidence trends in these areas are influenced by their intrinsic characteristics and environmental factors, such as temperature and rainfall;
- Since the Summer Palace utilizes the rock of Longevity Hill as the foundation for landscape design, Xiangshan Park relies on its steep terrain for scenic construction. The subsidence of hilly building complexes on Longevity Hill may be related to the exposure and weathering-induced detachment of local rock formations. The subsidence of hilly building complexes in the western region of Xiangshan Park may be associated with slope instability;
- While Beijing’s royal gardens represent unique cultural heritage sites created through the modification and utilization of natural landscapes, these activities may lead to land deformation, affecting building complexes under environmental influences such as concentrated rainfall and freeze–thaw phenomenon. Current protective measures for ancient buildings are relatively traditional and lagging. Adopting long-term monitoring using InSAR technology to enhance management is recommended, particularly strengthening observations during the critical periods of March–April thawing and June–September concentrated rainfall;
- In the future, it is hoped that higher-resolution InSAR data can be utilized to enhance the accuracy of long-term deformation monitoring. Additionally, incorporating GNSS data from modern garden sites could further validate InSAR results. It is also recommended to expand the research scope by including contemporary landscape gardens with GNSS measurements to better quantify the uncertainties associated with the detected deformation trends.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Cui, J.; Cui, S.; Zhang, J.; Sun, F. Spatial Characteristics of Land Subsidence in Architectural Heritage Sites of Beijing’s Royal Gardens Based on Remote Sensing. Heritage 2025, 8, 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8040113
Cui J, Cui S, Zhang J, Sun F. Spatial Characteristics of Land Subsidence in Architectural Heritage Sites of Beijing’s Royal Gardens Based on Remote Sensing. Heritage. 2025; 8(4):113. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8040113
Chicago/Turabian StyleCui, Jingshu, Shan Cui, Junhua Zhang, and Fuhao Sun. 2025. "Spatial Characteristics of Land Subsidence in Architectural Heritage Sites of Beijing’s Royal Gardens Based on Remote Sensing" Heritage 8, no. 4: 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8040113
APA StyleCui, J., Cui, S., Zhang, J., & Sun, F. (2025). Spatial Characteristics of Land Subsidence in Architectural Heritage Sites of Beijing’s Royal Gardens Based on Remote Sensing. Heritage, 8(4), 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8040113