Production of Green Biorefinery Protein Concentrate Derived from Perennial Ryegrass as an Alternative Feed for Pigs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Grass Protein Concentrate
2.2. Characterisation of Perennial Rye Grass Protein Concentrate
2.3. Protein Concentrate Pig Feed Trails
2.4. Daily Feed Intake (DFI), Average Weight Gain and Feed Conversion Ratio
3. Results
3.1. Characterisation of Green Protein Concentrate
3.2. Amino Acid Profiling of Green Protein
3.3. Daily Feed Intake
3.4. Average Daily Weight Gain
3.5. Feed Conversion Ratio
4. Discussion
4.1. Green Protein Concentrate as an Additive for Pig Feed Preparation
4.2. Daily Feed Intake
4.3. Average Weight Gain
4.4. Feed Conversion Ratio
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nutrients | Concentration |
---|---|
Protein (%) | 18.63 |
Oil (%) | 5.77 |
Fibre (%) | 3.11 |
Ash (%) | 6.08 |
DE (MJ/kg) | 14.42 |
NE (MJ/kg) | 10.25 |
Lysine (%) | 1.27 |
ILD Lysine (%) | 1.15 |
Methionine (%) | 0.42 |
Calcium (%) | 0.75 |
Dig Phosphorus (%) | 0.35 |
Sodium (%) | 0.24 |
Vitamin A (IU/kg) | 12,000 |
Vitamin D3 (IU/kg) | 2000 |
Vitamin E (IU/kg) | 125 |
Biotin (mcg/kg) | 150 |
Phytase (FTU/kg) | 1000 |
Raw Material | Control | Treatment |
---|---|---|
Barley (%) | 30.00 | 22.50 |
Maize (%) | 10.00 | 10.00 |
Wheat (%) | 25.00 | 23.00 |
Molasses (%) | 2.00 | 2.00 |
Hipro Soya (%) | 22.00 | 16.00 |
Grass Protein Pellets (%) | - | 15.00 |
Soya Hulls (%) | 1.00 | 1.50 |
Lactoflo (%) | 2.50 | 2.50 |
Soya Oil (%) | 3.70 | 3.70 |
100 Weaner + Vita GP (3.8%) | 3.80 | 3.80 |
Essential Nutrients | Creep 6–10 kg | Weaner 10–20 kg | Grower 20–50 kg | Finisher 50–100 kg | Dry Sow | Lactating Sow |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude protein | 23–25 | 19–22 | 18–20 | 16–17 | 13.5–13.8 | 17–18 |
Crude fibre | 1–3 | 2–4 | 2–5 | 3–4 | 4–5 | 2–5 |
Lysine | 1.3–1.5 | 1.25–1.35 | 1.0–1.1 | 0.85–0.95 | 0.6–0.7 | 1.0–1.15 |
Arginine | 0.52–0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4–0.44 | 0.34–0.38 | 0.24–0.28 | 0.4–0.46 |
Histidine | 0.46–0.53 | 0.44–0.47 | 0.35–0.39 | 0.30–0.33 | 0.21–0.25 | 0.35–0.40 |
Isoleucine | 0.78–0.9 | 0.75–0.81 | 0.6–0.66 | 0.51–0.57 | 0.36–0.42 | 0.6–0.69 |
Leucine | 1.43–1.65 | 1.38–1.5 | 1.1–1.2 | 0.94–1.01 | 0.66–0.77 | 1.1–1.27 |
Methionine + cystine | 0.78–0.9 | 0.75–0.81 | 0.6–0.66 | 0.51–0.57 | 0.36–0.42 | 0.6–0.69 |
Phenylalanine + tyrosine | 1.24–1.43 | 1.2–1.3 | 0.95–1.04 | 0.81–0.90 | 0.57–0.67 | 0.95–1.09 |
Threonine | 0.78–0.9 | 0.75–0.81 | 0.6–0.66 | 0.51–0.57 | 0.36–0.42 | 0.6–0.69 |
Tryptophan | 0.23–0.27 | 0.23–0.33 | 0.18–0.20 | 0.15–0.17 | 0.11–0.13 | 0.18–0.21 |
Valine | 0.98–1.1 | 0.94 | 0.75–0.83 | 0.64–0.71 | 0.45–0.53 | 0.75–0.86 |
Amino Acid | Green Protein Concentrate | Perennial Rye Grass |
---|---|---|
Alanine | 2.12 | 7.8 |
Arginine | 1.84 | 6.0 |
Aspartic | 3.09 | 10.4 |
Cystine | 0.18 | 1.4 |
Glutamic | 3.58 | 12.3 |
Glycine | 1.79 | 6.2 |
Histidine | 0.65 | 2.2 |
Iso-leucine | 1.48 | 4.7 |
Leucine | 2.75 | 9.4 |
Lysine | 1.81 | 4.6 |
Methionine | 0.65 | 2.2 |
Phenylalanine | 1.84 | 5.7 |
Proline | 1.52 | 6.0 |
Serine | 1.38 | 5.0 |
Threonine | 1.50 | 5.2 |
Tryptophan | 0.61 | - |
Tyrosine | 0.99 | 3.4 |
Valine | 1.87 | 6.5 |
Date of Weighing | Daily Feed Intake (kg/d) | Feed Conversion Ratio | Average Daily Gain (kg/day) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Control | Treatment | Control | Treatment | Control | |
Period 1 | 1.022 | 0.991 | 1.77 | 1.67 | 0.577 | 0.592 |
Period 2 | 1.247 | 1.182 | 1.83 | 1.83 | 0.683 | 0.646 |
Period 3 | 1.386 | 1.301 | 1.90 | 1.86 | 0.729 | 0.699 |
Period 4 | 1.512 | 1.400 | 2.04 | 2.05 | 0.742 | 0.682 |
Animal Feed Protein Sources | Crude Protein | Lysine | Methionine | Cysteine | Threonine | Crude Fibre |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soybean Meal | 44–48 | 2.81–3.20 | 0.60–0.75 | 0.69–0.74 | 0.71–2.00 | 3.0–7.0 |
Sunflower Meal | 24–44 | 1.18–1.49 | 0.74–0.79 | 0.55–0.59 | 1.21–1.48 | 12.0–32.0 |
Rapeseed Meal | 36 | 2.00–2.12 | 0.67–0.75 | 0.54–0.91 | 1.53–2.21 | 10.0–15.0 |
Cottonseed Meal | 24–41 | 1.05–1.71 | 0.41–0.72 | 0.64–0.70 | 1.32–1.36 | 25.0–30.0 |
Grass Protein Concentrate | 33.9 | 1.81 | 0.65 | 0.18 | 1.5 | 6.1 |
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Ravindran, R.; Koopmans, S.; Sanders, J.P.M.; McMahon, H.; Gaffey, J. Production of Green Biorefinery Protein Concentrate Derived from Perennial Ryegrass as an Alternative Feed for Pigs. Clean Technol. 2021, 3, 656-669. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol3030039
Ravindran R, Koopmans S, Sanders JPM, McMahon H, Gaffey J. Production of Green Biorefinery Protein Concentrate Derived from Perennial Ryegrass as an Alternative Feed for Pigs. Clean Technologies. 2021; 3(3):656-669. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol3030039
Chicago/Turabian StyleRavindran, Rajeev, Sybrandus Koopmans, Johan P. M. Sanders, Helena McMahon, and James Gaffey. 2021. "Production of Green Biorefinery Protein Concentrate Derived from Perennial Ryegrass as an Alternative Feed for Pigs" Clean Technologies 3, no. 3: 656-669. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol3030039
APA StyleRavindran, R., Koopmans, S., Sanders, J. P. M., McMahon, H., & Gaffey, J. (2021). Production of Green Biorefinery Protein Concentrate Derived from Perennial Ryegrass as an Alternative Feed for Pigs. Clean Technologies, 3(3), 656-669. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol3030039