Weathering Intensity and Presence of Vegetation Are Key Controls on Soil Phosphorus Concentrations: Implications for Past and Future Terrestrial Ecosystems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. P, Fe, and Weathering and Erosion
1.2. P and Fe Kinetics in Soils
1.3. P and Fe in the Geologic Record
1.4. This Work
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Geochemical Analyses
2.3. Other Data Collated
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Fe and P: Concentrations, Soil Order, and Vegetation
3.1.1. P
3.1.2. Fe
3.2. Fe and P: Latitude, Weathering, Soil Order, and Clay Content
3.3. Weathering, Clay Content, and Vegetation
3.4. Fe and P: Drainage and Soil Moisture
3.5. Fe Speciation
3.5.1. Fe Speciation and P
3.5.2. Fe Speciation, Precipitation, Soil Moisture, and Drainage
3.5.3. Fe Speciation, Vegetation, and Soil Order
3.6. Organic Carbon
3.7. Parent Material
3.8. Principle Components Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. How do Latitude, Weathering, and Clay Content Associate with P and Fe Concentrations?
4.2. How Do Precipitation, Soil Moisture, and Soil Drainage Affect P and Fe Concentrations, and Fe Species?
4.2.1. How Does Soil Redox Affect P?
4.2.2. How Does Soil Redox Affect Fe Concentrations and Speciation?
4.3. How Do Fe Species Associate with P?
4.4. How Does Vegetation Affect P and Fe Concentrations?
4.5. Is Soil Order Predictive of P and Fe Concentrations?
4.6. Implications for P in Modern Soils, Climate Change, and Soil Fertility/Food Security
4.6.1. Soil P, Erosion and Transport, and Human Activity
4.6.2. Weathering, Climate Change, and Soil P
4.6.3. Soil P, Plants, and Agriculture
4.7. Implications for P in the Fossil Record of Soils and Its Geologic Use
4.7.1. Heterogeneity and Paleosol Representativeness
4.7.2. Paleosol Fe, Atmospheric Oxygen Reconstructions, and Microbial Life
4.7.3. Continental Weathering, Nutrient Fluxes, and the Atmosphere
4.7.4. Vegetation and P in the Phanerozoic (542 Ma Onwards)
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dzombak, R.M.; Sheldon, N.D. Weathering Intensity and Presence of Vegetation Are Key Controls on Soil Phosphorus Concentrations: Implications for Past and Future Terrestrial Ecosystems. Soil Syst. 2020, 4, 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4040073
Dzombak RM, Sheldon ND. Weathering Intensity and Presence of Vegetation Are Key Controls on Soil Phosphorus Concentrations: Implications for Past and Future Terrestrial Ecosystems. Soil Systems. 2020; 4(4):73. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4040073
Chicago/Turabian StyleDzombak, Rebecca M., and Nathan D. Sheldon. 2020. "Weathering Intensity and Presence of Vegetation Are Key Controls on Soil Phosphorus Concentrations: Implications for Past and Future Terrestrial Ecosystems" Soil Systems 4, no. 4: 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4040073