Biotic Interactions in Experimental Antarctic Soil Microcosms Vary with Abiotic Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Treatments on Bacteria
3.2. Effect of Treatments on Nematodes
3.3. Biotic Interactions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Taxa | Effects | Citations |
---|---|---|
Populations | ||
Microbes | -Gene expression of AOA or AOB changes in more saline, drier valleys 1 -Moisture was positively correlated to fungi abundance while salinity was negatively correlated 2 | 1 Magalhães, et al. [36] 2 Arenz and Blanchette [37] |
Invertebrates | -Scottnema and Plectus are both negatively affected by salt, but type and concentration matter 3 -Populations of Scottnema, Eudorylaimus, and Plectus are negatively related to salinity 4 | 3 Nkem, Virginia, Barrett, Wall and Li [26] 4 Powers, et al. [38] |
Communities | ||
Microbes | -Composition shifts with elevated salinity from Actinobacteria to Firmicutes dominated 1,5 -Greater community diversity in drier soils 2 -Salinity drives community composition in 4 valleys 3 -Alpha diversity of communities declines with salinity 4 -Soil moisture is a significant predictor of bacterial community diversity at genus level 5 | 1 Van Horn, et al. [30] 2 Takacs-Vesbach, et al. [39] 3 Lee, et al. [40] 4 Okie, et al. [41] 5 Geyer, et al. [42] |
Invertebrates | -Greater community diversity in less saline soils 6,7,8 -Greater community diversity in wetter soils 6,7,8 -Nematodes Plectus and Eudorylaimus are associated with wetter soils, Scottnema with drier 6,7,8,9 | 6 Nielsen, et al. [43] 7 Ayres, et al. [11] 8 Treonis, et al. [8] 9.Powers, et al. [38] |
Ecosystem | ||
Microbes | -Water tracks alter respiration rates, depending on soil chemistry 1 -Lower microbial biomass in saltier, drier valleys 2 -Moisture addition did not affect microbial biomass in field experiment 3 -Along with pH and organic C, salinity was a predictor of microbial activity in lake and stream margins 4 | 1 Ball and Virginia [19] 2 Tamppari, et al. [44] 3 Ball, et al. [45] 4 Zeglin, et al. [46] |
Invertebrates | -Water tracks affect soil invertebrate habitats, via soil chemistry changes 5, and have lower invertebrate abundance, associated with higher salinity 6 -Salinity and moisture are drivers of habitat suitability for invertebrates, S. lindsayae found in saltier, drier soils than other nematodes 7 | 5 Ball and Virginia [19] 6 Smith, et al. [47] 7 Courtright, et al. [13] |
Effect | d.f. | F | p | Effect | d.f. | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eudorylaimus total abundance | Scottnema total abundance | ||||||
C | 1.32 | 19.89 | <0.0001 | C | 1.31 | 2.02 | 0.165 |
M | 1.32 | 0.29 | 0.597 | M | 1.31 | 1.57 | 0.220 |
S | 1.32 | 0.10 | 0.759 | S | 1.31 | 6.25 | 0.018 |
C*M | 1.32 | 0.033 | 0.858 | C*M | 1.31 | 0.62 | 0.437 |
M*S | 1.32 | 1.252 | 0.271 | M*S | 1.31 | 0.48 | 0.494 |
C*S | 1.32 | 0.164 | 0.688 | C*S | 1.31 | 0.10 | 0.758 |
C*M*S | 1.32 | 3.362 | 0.076 | C*M*S | 1.31 | 3.21 | 0.083 |
Scottnema adults | Scottnema juveniles | ||||||
C | 1.35 | 0.82 | 0.371 | C | 1.31 | 1.46 | 0.237 |
M | 1.35 | 4.82 | 0.035 | M | 1.31 | 0.38 | 0.544 |
S | 1.35 | 8.47 | 0.007 | S | 1.31 | 4.24 | 0.048 |
C*M | 1.35 | 0.195 | 0.662 | C*M | 1.31 | 0.38 | 0.541 |
M*S | 1.35 | 0.49 | 0.489 | M*S | 1.31 | 0.039 | 0.844 |
C*S | 1.35 | 0.11 | 0.73 | C*S | 1.31 | 0.226 | 0.638 |
C*M*S | 1.35 | 5.75 | 0.023 | C*M*S | 1.31 | 1.675 | 0.205 |
Scottnema females | Scottnema males | ||||||
C | 1.31 | 3.60 | 0.067 | C | 1.31 | 0.35 | 0.5574 |
M | 1.31 | 2.01 | 0.167 | M | 1.31 | 3.239 | 0.0817 |
S | 1.31 | 9.81 | 0.004 | S | 1.31 | 2.023 | 0.1649 |
C*M | 1.31 | 0.72 | 0.403 | C*M | 1.31 | 0.448 | 0.5085 |
M*S | 1.31 | 1.49 | 0.232 | M*S | 1.31 | 0.677 | 0.4169 |
C*S | 1.31 | 0.37 | 0.548 | C*S | 1.31 | 0.599 | 0.4450 |
C*M*S | 1.31 | 3.38 | 0.076 | C*M*S | 1.31 | 3.436 | 0.0733 |
Bacteria cells | |||||||
C | 3.53 | 7.34 | 0.0003 | ||||
M | 1.53 | 0.35 | 0.557 | ||||
S | 1.53 | 3.51 | 0.067 | ||||
C*M | 3.53 | 0.75 | 0.527 | ||||
M*S | 1.53 | 0.03 | 0.870 | ||||
C*S | 3.53 | 16.41 | <0.0001 | ||||
C*M*S | 3.53 | 0.68 | 0.568 |
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Shaw, E.A.; Wall, D.H. Biotic Interactions in Experimental Antarctic Soil Microcosms Vary with Abiotic Stress. Soil Syst. 2019, 3, 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3030057
Shaw EA, Wall DH. Biotic Interactions in Experimental Antarctic Soil Microcosms Vary with Abiotic Stress. Soil Systems. 2019; 3(3):57. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3030057
Chicago/Turabian StyleShaw, E. Ashley, and Diana H. Wall. 2019. "Biotic Interactions in Experimental Antarctic Soil Microcosms Vary with Abiotic Stress" Soil Systems 3, no. 3: 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3030057