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Volume 8
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10.3390/particles8040091
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Advanced Readout Logic for the XGIS Instrument: Discriminating X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Photons from the Background and Particles

by
Paolo Calabretto
1,*,
Claudio Labanti
1,
Enrico Virgilli
1,
Lorenzo Amati
1,
Riccardo Campana
1,
Giulia Mattioli
1,2,
Smiriti Srivastava
1,
Ezequiel J. Marchesini
1,
Edoardo Borciani
1,2,
Ajay Sharma
1,3,
Giovanni La Rosa
4,
Paolo Nogara
4,
Giuseppe Sottile
4 and
Alfonso Pisapia
2
1
INAF-OAS, National Institute for Astrophysics, Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
2
Department of Physics and Astronomy “Augusto Righi”, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
3
Department of Physics and Astronomy “Galileo Galilei”, University of Padua, Via F. Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
4
INAF-IASF, National Institute for Astrophysics, Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Particles 2025, 8(4), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles8040091 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 29 September 2025 / Revised: 7 November 2025 / Accepted: 19 November 2025 / Published: 22 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Space AstroParticle Physics: Frontier Technologies for Particle Measurements in Space, 2025 Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The X and Gamma Imager and Spectrometer (XGIS) on board THESEUS is a finely pixelized and modular instrument designed for broadband high-energy transient detection. XGIS consists of two cameras, each composed of 10 supermodules, with each supermodule further divided into 10 modules and each module made with 64 independent readout pixels based on Silicon Drift Detectors coupled with 5 × 5 × 30 mm3 CsI scintillator bars. An algorithm to quickly read out the signals from the 64 pixels and send them in chronological order through the module and supermodule logic up to the camera logic is under development. Furthermore, a challenge for space-based high-energy instruments is distinguishing X-/gamma-ray photons while effectively rejecting background photons and particles, including electrons, protons, and heavier cosmic rays. Unlike traditional systems that rely on anticoincidence systems, XGIS aims to achieve background rejection through an innovative readout logic that analyzes the spatial and temporal properties of energy deposits in the detector. By leveraging the finely pixelized structure, the readout system can differentiate single-photon events from charged-particle tracks based on energy deposition patterns and event topology.
Keywords: gamma-ray bursts; multi-messenger astrophysics; silicon drift detectors; readout electronics; particle discrimination gamma-ray bursts; multi-messenger astrophysics; silicon drift detectors; readout electronics; particle discrimination

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Calabretto, P.; Labanti, C.; Virgilli, E.; Amati, L.; Campana, R.; Mattioli, G.; Srivastava, S.; Marchesini, E.J.; Borciani, E.; Sharma, A.; et al. Advanced Readout Logic for the XGIS Instrument: Discriminating X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Photons from the Background and Particles. Particles 2025, 8, 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/particles8040091

AMA Style

Calabretto P, Labanti C, Virgilli E, Amati L, Campana R, Mattioli G, Srivastava S, Marchesini EJ, Borciani E, Sharma A, et al. Advanced Readout Logic for the XGIS Instrument: Discriminating X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Photons from the Background and Particles. Particles. 2025; 8(4):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/particles8040091

Chicago/Turabian Style

Calabretto, Paolo, Claudio Labanti, Enrico Virgilli, Lorenzo Amati, Riccardo Campana, Giulia Mattioli, Smiriti Srivastava, Ezequiel J. Marchesini, Edoardo Borciani, Ajay Sharma, and et al. 2025. "Advanced Readout Logic for the XGIS Instrument: Discriminating X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Photons from the Background and Particles" Particles 8, no. 4: 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/particles8040091

APA Style

Calabretto, P., Labanti, C., Virgilli, E., Amati, L., Campana, R., Mattioli, G., Srivastava, S., Marchesini, E. J., Borciani, E., Sharma, A., La Rosa, G., Nogara, P., Sottile, G., & Pisapia, A. (2025). Advanced Readout Logic for the XGIS Instrument: Discriminating X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Photons from the Background and Particles. Particles, 8(4), 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/particles8040091

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