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Article

Integrating Entropy Weight TOPSIS and BIM-Based Evacuation Simulation for Safety Assessment of High-Occupancy Buildings

by
Yijing Huang
1,2,
Shun Lu
1,
Xiaoyu Ju
3,*,
Jicao Dao
4,*,
Xiaoping Chen
2,4,
Hanying Deng
2 and
Zhenjia Wang
5
1
Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610040, China
2
School of Emergency Management, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
3
State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
4
School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
5
Sichuan Provincial Forest Fire Corps, Chengdu 610095, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Fire 2025, 8(12), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8120455
Submission received: 30 September 2025 / Revised: 11 November 2025 / Accepted: 21 November 2025 / Published: 26 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Industrial Fire and Urban Fire Research: 3rd Edition)
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Abstract

Safe evacuation in high-occupancy buildings during extreme disaster events is a complex systems problem involving dynamic interactions among multiple factors. Conventional static evaluation methods, however, are limited in capturing the underlying evolution mechanisms. To address this gap, this study develops an integrated framework that combines static multi-criteria evaluation with dynamic evacuation simulation. From a “human–facility–environment” perspective, a multidimensional indicator system is established, encompassing building physical features, equipment configuration, and management performance. The entropy weight method is employed to objectively determine indicator weights, and the TOPSIS method is applied to conduct a comprehensive static assessment. On this basis, BIM and Pathfinder are used to perform microscopic evacuation simulations, and the dynamic performance data obtained are fed back into the evaluation system to verify and adjust the static results. The results show that dynamic simulation not only validates the reliability of the static evaluation but also uncovers nonlinear mechanisms and coupling effects among safety indicators during evacuation. By integrating digital simulation techniques with multi-criteria decision-making methods, this study improves the scientific rigor of safety evaluation and provides new insights for research and practice in building safety.
Keywords: high-occupancy buildings; evacuation safety; entropy weight method; TOPSIS; BIM; Pathfinder high-occupancy buildings; evacuation safety; entropy weight method; TOPSIS; BIM; Pathfinder

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MDPI and ACS Style

Huang, Y.; Lu, S.; Ju, X.; Dao, J.; Chen, X.; Deng, H.; Wang, Z. Integrating Entropy Weight TOPSIS and BIM-Based Evacuation Simulation for Safety Assessment of High-Occupancy Buildings. Fire 2025, 8, 455. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8120455

AMA Style

Huang Y, Lu S, Ju X, Dao J, Chen X, Deng H, Wang Z. Integrating Entropy Weight TOPSIS and BIM-Based Evacuation Simulation for Safety Assessment of High-Occupancy Buildings. Fire. 2025; 8(12):455. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8120455

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huang, Yijing, Shun Lu, Xiaoyu Ju, Jicao Dao, Xiaoping Chen, Hanying Deng, and Zhenjia Wang. 2025. "Integrating Entropy Weight TOPSIS and BIM-Based Evacuation Simulation for Safety Assessment of High-Occupancy Buildings" Fire 8, no. 12: 455. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8120455

APA Style

Huang, Y., Lu, S., Ju, X., Dao, J., Chen, X., Deng, H., & Wang, Z. (2025). Integrating Entropy Weight TOPSIS and BIM-Based Evacuation Simulation for Safety Assessment of High-Occupancy Buildings. Fire, 8(12), 455. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8120455

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