Current Status of Research on Wildland Fire Impacts on Soil Environment and Soil Organisms and Hotspots Visualization Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Sources and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Current Status of Research on the Impact of Wildland Fire on the Soil Environment
3.1.1. State of the Art
3.1.2. Annual Publication Volume, Countries, Institutions, and Authors
3.1.3. Keyword Co-Occurrence and Clustering
3.2. Current Research Status of the Impact of Wildland Fire on Soil Organisms
3.2.1. State of the Art
3.2.2. Annual Publication Volume, Countries, Institutions, and Authors
3.2.3. Keyword Co-Occurrence and Clustering for Wildland Fire Effects on Soil
Microorganisms
3.3. Current Research Status of the Impact of Wildland Fire on Soil Fauna
3.3.1. State of the Art
3.3.2. Annual Publication Volume, Countries, Institutions, and Authors
3.3.3. Keyword Co-Occurrence and Clustering for the Impact of Wildland Fire on Soil Fauna
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- In terms of the number of publications, research on the effects of wildland fire on the soil environment and soil micro-organisms is at a rapid stage of development, while research on the effects of wildland fire on the soil fauna is still in its infancy.
- (2)
- The country with the highest number of publications is the United States of America, with the United States Department of Agriculture being the most prolific research institute in this field, and there are many collaborations with other countries and institutions.
- (3)
- The group of authors in the research field is beginning to take shape, but the group of highly productive and active authors is not sufficiently assembled, and the number of core authors and international teamwork need to be improved.
- (4)
- The research hotspots focus on the interaction between soil environmental factors carbon, nitrogen, organic matter and soil biodiversity.
5. Existing Problems and Perspectives
- (1)
- The effects of wildland fire on soils may differ, depending on temporal and spatial scales. Since many studies are limited in time and space, long-term and large-scale effects are not comprehensively assessed. The current approach is not sufficient to reveal the dynamic changes over time in different ecosystems after a fire. Future modelling studies addressing ecosystem recovery after a fire may be useful, where fire effects can be modelled using a spatial rather than a temporal approach in order to provide a broader and deeper understanding of the changes and effects of wildland fire on soils.
- (2)
- The effects of wildland fire on soils may depend not only on the fire itself, but also on a combination of other ecosystem factors, such as vegetation type, soil characteristics and climatic conditions. Comparative studies on a global scale can be conducted in the future, to investigate the differences and similarities of wildland fire on soil environment and soil biota in different regions and ecosystems. This may help to reveal universal patterns as well as specific geographical characteristics.
- (3)
- At present, the focus is mainly on the determination of hydrothermal factors, total nitrogen and organic carbon. In the future, more soil environmental factors such as ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, metal ions, soluble salts, etc., can also be taken into account, to study changes in a wider variety of soil environmental factors and investigate their effects on soil microbial and animal groups after wildland fire, thereby strengthening the in-depth study of soil nutrient cycling.
- (4)
- Soil biological communities are highly diverse and complex, and different biological groups play different roles in the ecosystem. With the application of molecular biology, gene expression, and the characterization of adaptive mechanisms and functional gene changes of soil biological taxa, biological communities can be further investigated in the future. This will help to understand the molecular response and adaptation strategies of soil microbes and animals after wildland fire.
- (5)
- Evaluating the recovery process of soil biomes after wildland fire requires long-term monitoring, to assess the actual impact of wildland fire on soil biomes. In the future, longer-term and continuously monitored fire trails could be established and controlled experiments could be conducted to isolate and determine the role of specific factors of wildland fire on specific soil microorganisms and soil fauna.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Hart, S.; Deluca, T.H.; Newman, G.S.; Mackenzie, M.D.; Boyle, S.I. Post-fire vegetative dynamics as drivers of microbial community structure and function in forest soils. For. Ecol. Manag. 2005, 220, 166–184. [Google Scholar]
- Alcañiz, M.; Outeiro, L.; Francos, M.; Ubeda, X. Effects of prescribed fires on soil properties: A review. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 613, 944–957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Keeley, J.E. Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: A brief review and suggested usage. Int. J. Wildland Fire 2009, 18, 116–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xue, L.; Li, Q.; Chen, H. Effects of a Wildfire on Selected Physical, Chemical and Biochemical Soil Properties in a Pinus massoniana Forest in South China. Forests 2014, 5, 2947–2966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, Z.; Wu, S.; Du, J.; Pan, H.; Lu, X.; Liu, Y.; Yang, L. Variations in the Diversity and Biomass of Soil Bacteria and Fungi under Different Fire Disturbances in the Taiga Forests of Northeastern China. Forests 2023, 14, 2063. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perez-Valera, E.; Goberna, M.; Faust, K.; Raes, J.; Garcia, C.; Verdu, M. Fire modifies the phylogenetic structure of soil bacterial co-occurrence networks. Environ. Microbiol. 2017, 19, 317–327. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Espinosa, J.; Dejene, T.; Guijarro, M.; Cerdá, X.; Madrigal, J.; Martín-Pinto, P. Fungal diversity and community composition responses to the reintroduction of fire in a non-managed Mediterranean shrubland ecosystem. For. Ecosyst. 2023, 10, 100110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiang, W.; He, L.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, B.; Pang, X. Aboveground vegetation and soil physicochemical properties jointly drive the shift of soil microbial community during subalpine secondary succession in southwest China. Catena 2021, 202, 105251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, G.; Edwards, C.; Brussaard, L. How earthworms affect plant growth: Burrowing into the mechanisms. Earthworm Ecol. 2004, 2, 13–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lussenhop, J. Mechanisms of microarthropod-microbial interactions in soil. Adv. Ecol. Res. 1992, 23, 1–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, S.J.; Zhang, M.T.; Wei, H.; Zhang, B.; Peng, J.; Shang, P.F.; Sun, S.K. Research prospects for kidney xenotransplantation: A bibliometric analysis. Ren. Fail. 2024, 46, 2301681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nurhidayah, N.; Sudarma, M.; Atmini, S. Audit opinion research: Overview and research agenda. Cogent Bus. Manag. 2024, 11, 2301134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, G.F.; Qin, Y.M.; Liu, S.B. Bibliometric analysis of research trends and topic areas in traditional Chinese medicine therapy for lymphoma. Pharm. Biol. 2023, 62, 12–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hu, X.Q.; Ji, Z.X.; Gu, S.H.; Ma, Z.R.; Yan, Z.S.; Liang, Y.; Chang, H.Q.; Liang, H. Mapping the research on desulfurization wastewater: Insights from a bibliometric review (1991–2021). Chemosphere 2023, 314, 137678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Do Carmo, G.; Felizardo, L.F.; Alcantara, V.D.; da Silva, C.A.; do Prado, J.W. The impact of Jurgen Habermas’s scientific production: A scientometric review. Scientometrics 2023, 128, 1853–1875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsoulfas, G.T.; Trivellas, P.; Reklitis, P.; Anastasopoulou, A. A Bibliometric Analysis of Short Supply Chains in the Agri-Food Sector. Sustainability 2023, 15, 1089. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ding, Q.; Song, X.L.; Pu, Y.P. Removal of microcystins from water and primary treatment technologies A comprehensive understanding based on bibliometric and content analysis, 1991–2020. J. Environ. Manag. 2022, 305, 114349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.; Xia, D.M.; Zhang, Z.T.; Zhang, J.L.; Meng, W.H.; Zhang, Y.P.; Xu, S.G. Mapping Trends and Hotspots Regarding the Use of Ultrasound in Emergency Medicine: A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research. Front. Public Health 2021, 9, 764642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huang, Y.-J.; Cheng, S.; Yang, F.-Q.; Chen, C. Analysis and Visualization of Research on Resilient Cities and Communities Based on VOSviewer. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hatten, J.A.; Zabowski, D.; Ogden, A.; Thies, W. Soil organic matter in a ponderosa pine forest with varying seasons and intervals of prescribed burn. For. Ecol. Manag. 2008, 255, 2555–2565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dai, Q.; Zhu, J.; Lv, G.; Kalin, L.; Yao, Y.; Zhang, J.; Han, D. Radar remote sensing reveals potential underestimation of rainfall erosivity at the global scale. Sci. Adv. 2023, 9, eadg5551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jia, B.R. Litter decomposition and its underlying mechanisms. Chin. J. Plant Ecol. 2019, 43, 648–657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.S.; Long, J.; Ding, H. Leaf water absorption and canopy rainfall interception of twenty-one plant species in Beijing. J. Beijing For. Univ. 2020, 42, 100–110. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, F.L.; Chen, X.W.; Zeng, S.P.; Peng, Z.Z. Progress of the effects of fire disturbance on forest soil water repellency. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2019, 39, 1846–1852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carter, M.C.; Foster, C.D. Prescribed burning and productivity in southern pine forests: A review. For. Ecol. Manag. 2004, 191, 93–109. [Google Scholar]
- Cheng, C.H.; Chen, Y.S.; Huang, Y.H.; Chiou, C.R.; Lin, C.C.; Menyailo, O.V. Effects of repeated fires on ecosystem C and N stocks along a fire induced forest/grassland gradient. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences 2013, 118, 215–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamman, S.T.; Burke, I.C.; Knapp, E.E. Soil Nutrients and Microbial Activity after Early and Late Season Prescribed Burns in a Sierra Nevada Mixed Conifer Forest. For. Ecol. Manag. 2008, 256, 367–374. [Google Scholar]
- Zeng, S.P.; Liu, F.L.; Zhao, M.F.; Wang, G.J.; Chen, X.W. Effects of fire disturbance intensities on soil physiochemical properties of pour subtropical forest types. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2020, 40, 233–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Butler, O.M.; Elser, J.J.; Lewis, T.; Mackey, B.; Chen, C.R. The phosphorus-rich signature of fire in the soil-plant system: A global meta-analysis. Ecol. Lett. 2018, 21, 335–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, F.M.; Li, J.; Zou, B.; Xu, X.; Li, Z.A. Effect of Prescribed Fire on Soil Properties and N Transformation in Two Vegetation Types in South China. Environ. Manag. 2013, 51, 1164–1173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, H.Q.; Luo, S.S.; Luo, B.Z.; Wei, S.J.; Wu, Z.P.; Wang, Z.S.; Li, X.C.; Zhou, Y.F. Effects of forest fire disturbance on soil organic carbon in forest ecosystems: A review. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2020, 40, 839–1850. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Urbanski, S. Wildland fire emissions, carbon, and climate: Emission factors. For. Ecol. Manag. 2014, 317, 51–60. [Google Scholar]
- Hume, A.; Chen, H.Y.H.; Taylor, A.R.; Kayahara, G.J.; Man, R.Z. Soil C:N:P dynamics during secondary succession following fire in the boreal forest of central Canada. Forest Ecol. Manag. 2016, 369, 1–9. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, P.B.; Qu, M.; Xue, L. Effects of forest fire on forest soils. Chin. J. Ecol. 2013, 32, 1596–1606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sheikh, A.; Siddique, N.; Qutab, S.; Khan, M.A.; Mahmood, K. An investigation of emerging COVID-19 research trends and future implications for LIS field: A bibliometric mapping and visualization. J. Librariansh. Inf. Sci. 2023, 55, 3–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hernández-González, O.; Fresno-Rodríguez, A.; Spencer-Contreras, R.E.; Tárraga-Mínguez, R.; González-Fernández, D.; Sepúlveda-Opazo, F. Research Mapping of Trauma Experiences in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Bibliometric Analysis. Healthcare 2023, 11, 1267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boshoff, N.; Ngwenya, S. Agricultural Research in Zimbabwe: An Author-level Bibliometric Analysis of Publication Outlets and Research Collaboration. Sci. Technol. Soc. 2022, 27, 404–428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, W.; Opp, C.; Yang, D. Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Water and Water Footprint. Water 2020, 12, 3068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, J.; Mao, Y.; Ouyang, J.; Zheng, S. A Review of Urban Microclimate Research Based on CiteSpace and VOSviewer Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cui, M.Q.; Wu, C.; Jiang, X.X.; Liu, Z.Y.; Xue, S.G. Bibliometric analysis of research on soil arsenic during 2005–2016. J. Cent. South Univ. 2019, 26, 479–488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maléchaux, A.; Le Dréau, Y.; Artaud, J.; Dupuy, N. Exploring the Scientific Interest for Olive Oil Origin: A Bibliometric Study from 1991 to 2018. Foods 2020, 9, 556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peset Mancebo, M.F.; Garzón Farinós, M.F.; Gonzalez, L.; García-Massó, X.; Ferrer Sapena, A.; Toca-Herrera, J.L.; Sánchez Pérez, E.A. Survival analysis of author keywords: An application to the library and information sciences area. J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 2020, 71, 462–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, F.; Shi, Z.; Zhao, B.; Bono, G.J.; Sun, L.; Hu, T. The Effects of Fire Disturbance on Litter Decomposition and C:N:P Stoichiometry in a Larix gmelinii Forest Ecosystem of Boreal China. Forests 2022, 13, 1029. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, X.; Pan, C. Effects of recovery time after fire and fire severity on stand structure and soil of larch forest in the Kanas National Nature Reserve, Northwest China. J. Arid Land 2019, 11, 811–823. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, C.W.; Seo, J.I.; Youn, H.J.; Kim, K. Effectiveness of rehabilitation treatments on a slowly revegetating hillslope in a recently burned coastal forest, Republic of Korea. Landsc. Ecol. Eng. 2014, 10, 249–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aparício, B.A.; Santos, J.A.; Freitas, T.R.; Sá, A.C.L.; Pereira, J.M.C.; Fernandes, P.M. Unravelling the effect of climate change on fire danger and fire behaviour in the Transboundary Biosphere Reserve of Meseta Iberica (Portugal-Spain). Clim. Change 2022, 173, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lucas-Borja, M.E.; Plaza-Alvarez, P.A.; Gonzalez-Romero, J.; Sagra, J.; Alfaro-Sánchez, R.; Zema, D.A.; Moya, D.; de las Heras, J. Short-term effects of prescribed burning in Mediterranean pine plantations on surface runoff, soil erosion and water quality of runoff. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 674, 615–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, W.C.; Zhang, Z.; Li, J.X.; Wen, Y.H.; Liu, F.H.; Zhang, W.; Liu, H.Y.; Ren, C.J.; Han, X.H. Effects of fire on the soil microbial metabolic quotient: A global meta-analysis. Catena 2023, 224, 106957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abreu, C.I.; Friedman, J.; Woltz, V.L.A.; Gore, J. Mortality causes universal changes in microbial community composition. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 2120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, X.M.; Ma, L.; Tao, Y.Z.; Di, X.Y.; Zhang, X.Y. Instant Impact of Fire on Birch Soil Microbial in Tahe Larch Forest. J. Northeast For. Univ. 2015, 43, 84–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fultz, L.M.; Moore-Kucera, J.; Dathe, J.; Davinic, M.; Perry, G.; Wester, D.; Schwilk, D.W.; Rideout-Hanzak, S. Forest wildfire and grassland prescribed fire effects on soil biogeochemical processes and microbial communities: Two case studies in the semi-arid Southwest. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2016, 99, 118–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vild, O.; Kalwij, J.M.; Hédl, R. Effects of simulated historical tree litter raking on the understorey vegetation in a central European forest. Appl. Veg. Sci. 2015, 18, 569–578. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, L.Y.; Liu, L.; Qin, S.Q.; Yang, G.B.; Fang, K.; Zhu, B.; Kuzyakov, Y.; Chen, P.D.; Xu, Y.P.; Yang, Y.H. Regulation of priming effect by soil organic matter stability over a broad geographic scale. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 5112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fierer, N.; Bradford, M.A.; Jackson, R.B. Toward an ecological classification of soil bacteria. Ecology 2007, 88, 1343–1344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mataix-Solera, J.; Guerrero, C.; García-Orenes, F.; Bárcenas-Moreno, G.; Torres, M.P. Fire effects on soils and restoration strategies. For. Fire Eff. Soil Microbiol. 2009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bárcenas-Moreno, G.; Bååth, E. Bacterial and fungal growth in soil heated at different temperatures to simulate a range of fire intensities. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2009, 41, 2517–2526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, Z.; Wu, S.; Pan, H.; Lu, X.; Liu, Y.; Yang, L. Cortinarius and Tomentella Fungi Become Dominant Taxa in Taiga Soil after Fire Disturbance. J. Fungi. 2023, 9, 1113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cheng, Z.; Wu, S.; Du, J.; Liu, Y.; Sui, X.; Yang, L. Reduced Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) Diversity in Light and Moderate Fire Sites in Taiga Forests, Northeast China. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 1836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baldrian, P.; López-Mondéjar, R.; Kohout, P. Forest microbiome and global change. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2023, 21, 487–501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nelson, A.R.; Narrowe, A.B.; Rhoades, C.C.; Fegel, T.S.; Daly, R.A.; Roth, H.K.; Chu, R.K.; Amundson, K.K.; Young, R.B.; Steindorff, A.S.; et al. Wildfire-dependent changes in soil microbiome diversity and function. Nat. Microbiol. 2022, 7, 1419–1430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, H.Q. Forest Fire Ecology and Management; China Forestry Publishing House: Beijing, China, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Wiens, J.A. Spatial Scaling in Ecology. Funct. Ecol. 1989, 3, 385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hobbs, R.J. Future landscapes and the future of landscape ecology. Landsc. Urban Plan. 1997, 37, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, S.H.; Zhang, X.P. Guilds of Soil Macro-animals in Burned Forest Areas in Daxing’an Mountains. J. Northeast For. Univ. 2011, 39, 70–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, W.K. The Diversity of Nematodes in Aciculiailvae Burned Area of Alpine Region in Batang County; Chengdu University of Technology: Chengdu, China, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Shao, Y.H.; Wang, Z.Y.; Liu, T.; Kardol, P.; Ma, C.G.; Hu, Y.H.; Cui, Y.; Zhao, C.C.; Zhang, W.X.; Guo, D.L.; et al. Drivers of nematode diversity inforest soils across climatic zones. Proc. R. Soc. B 2023, 290, 20230107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gongalsky, K.B.; Persson, T.; Pokarzhevskii, A.D. Effects of soil temperature and moisture on the FeedIng Activity of soil animals as determined by the bait-lamina test. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2008, 39, 84–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gongalsky, K.B.; Malmström, A.; Zaitsev, A.S.; Shakhab, S.V.; Bengtsson, J.; Persson, T. Do burned areas recover from inside? An experiment with soil fauna in a heterogeneous landscape. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2012, 59, 73–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Affiliation | Record Count | Affiliation | Record Count |
---|---|---|---|
United States Department of Agriculture | 157 | Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas | 87 |
United States Forest Service | 116 | Chinese Academy of Sciences | 49 |
United States Department of Interior | 101 | University of Idaho | 46 |
United States Geological Survey | 96 | Russian Academy of Sciences | 42 |
University of California | 88 | Swansea University | 41 |
No. | Keyword | Occurrence | No. | Keyword | Occurrence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Wildfire | 695 | 6 | Vegetation | 184 |
2 | Fire | 502 | 7 | Climate Change | 173 |
3 | Organic matter | 248 | 8 | Carbon | 172 |
4 | Soil | 214 | 9 | Erosion | 162 |
5 | Nitrogen | 185 | 10 | Forest | 159 |
Affiliation | Record Count | Affiliation | Record Count |
---|---|---|---|
University of California | 45 | Oregon State University | 18 |
United States Department of Agriculture | 40 | United States Department of Energy | 18 |
United States Forest Service | 34 | Chinese academy of Sciences | 16 |
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas | 27 | Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences | 15 |
Universidad de Valladolid | 19 | Czech Academy of Sciences | 14 |
No. | Keyword | Occurrence | No. | Keyword | Occurrence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Wildfire | 214 | 6 | Soil | 69 |
2 | Fire | 182 | 7 | Nitrogen | 69 |
3 | Diversity | 130 | 8 | Dynamics | 65 |
4 | Organic matter | 82 | 9 | Forest | 62 |
5 | Carbon | 81 | 10 | Biomass | 60 |
Affiliation | Record Count | Affiliation | Record Count |
---|---|---|---|
United States Department of Agriculture | 12 | Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences | 7 |
Russian Academy of Sciences | 12 | United States Department of Interior | 6 |
Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution | 8 | United States Geological Survey | 6 |
Saratov Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences | 8 | Australian National University | 6 |
United States Forest Service | 8 | Justus Liebig University Giessen | 5 |
No. | Keyword | Occurrences | No. | Keyword | Occurrences |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Wildfire | 51 | 6 | Disturbance | 16 |
2 | Fire | 47 | 7 | Diversity | 15 |
3 | Vegetation | 21 | 8 | Management | 15 |
4 | Biodiversity | 20 | 9 | Carbon | 13 |
5 | Response | 17 | 10 | Climate Change | 13 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Cheng, Z.; Wu, S.; Wei, D.; Pan, H.; Fu, X.; Lu, X.; Yang, L. Current Status of Research on Wildland Fire Impacts on Soil Environment and Soil Organisms and Hotspots Visualization Analysis. Fire 2024, 7, 163. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7050163
Cheng Z, Wu S, Wei D, Pan H, Fu X, Lu X, Yang L. Current Status of Research on Wildland Fire Impacts on Soil Environment and Soil Organisms and Hotspots Visualization Analysis. Fire. 2024; 7(5):163. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7050163
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheng, Zhichao, Song Wu, Dan Wei, Hong Pan, Xiaoyu Fu, Xinming Lu, and Libin Yang. 2024. "Current Status of Research on Wildland Fire Impacts on Soil Environment and Soil Organisms and Hotspots Visualization Analysis" Fire 7, no. 5: 163. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7050163