Moisture Sorption Models for Fuel Beds of Standing Dead Grass in Alaska
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Equilibrium Moisture Content Equations
1.2. Objectives
2. Methods
2.1. Model Calibration and Comparison
2.2. Suitability of the Models to other Biomes
3. Results
3.1. Model Calibration and Comparison
3.2. Suitability of the Models to Other Biomes
4. Discussion
4.1. Model Calibration and Comparison
4.2. Suitability of the Models to other Biomes
5. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Solar elevation angle () | |
CC | Cloud cover (%) |
Free energy () | |
Relative Humidity (%) | |
MAE | Mean absolute error (Units of of M) |
MBE | Mean bias error (Units of of M) |
MSA | Median Symmetric Accuracy (%) |
M | Moisture content (%) |
Moisture content, equilibrium (%) | |
Moisture content, fiber saturation point (%) | |
r | Correlation coefficient |
R | Ideal Gas Constant (8.314 ) |
RMS | Residual Mean Square |
RMSE | Root mean squared error (Units of of M) |
Air temperature, () | |
Dewpoint temperature () | |
Air Temperature, () | |
Air temperature, reference () | |
Wind speed, eye-level () |
Appendix A
Site | Date & Time | () | () | (%) | () | () | CC (%) | M (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G | 2009-05-05 10:30 | 10.6 | 3.9 | 62 | 0.9 | 38 | 17.8 | |
G | 2009-05-05 11:30 | 12.2 | 4.4 | 59 | 1.2 | 43 | 15.6 | |
G | 2009-05-05 14:00 | 13.3 | 1.7 | 45 | 0.9 | 44 | 13.6 | |
G | 2009-05-05 15:00 | 14.4 | 4.4 | 52 | 1.3 | 40 | 10.9 | |
SMR | 2009-05-16 12:45 | 13.3 | −8.3 | 21 | 44 | 13.4 | ||
SMR | 2009-05-16 14:45 | 14.4 | −8.3 | 20 | 40 | 10.2 | ||
SMR | 2009-05-16 16:30 | 14.7 | −8.6 | 19 | 32 | 8.3 | ||
SMR | 2009-05-16 17:00 | 14.4 | −8.9 | 19 | 29 | 9.6 | ||
SMR | 2009-05-16 19:00 | 13.9 | −8.9 | 20 | 16 | 9.2 | ||
CL | 2010-04-16 14:15 | 5.0 | −10.6 | 32 | 34 | 11.9 | ||
D | 2010-04-17 11:50 | 11.1 | −7.2 | 29 | 1.3 | 35 | 12.1 | |
D | 2010-04-17 12:40 | 12.2 | −6.7 | 29 | 0.9 | 36 | 9.7 | |
HDZ | 2010-04-17 14:30 | 12.8 | −5.0 | 29 | 1.3 | 33 | 9.0 | |
HDZ | 2010-04-17 16:15 | 13.3 | −6.1 | 25 | 1.8 | 25 | 8.3 | |
CL | 2010-04-18 13:20 | 18.9 | −3.3 | 22 | 0.4 | 36 | 10.4 | |
WR | 2010-04-20 12:05 | 8.3 | −13.9 | 20 | 37 | 8.0 | ||
WR | 2010-04-20 15:00 | 8.3 | −15.0 | 17 | 2.0 | 32 | 7.7 | |
WR | 2010-04-20 17:45 | 10.6 | −15.0 | 15 | 1.3 | 17 | 8.7 | |
BAX | 2010-04-23 13:00 | 5.6 | −15.6 | 19 | 1.8 | 39 | 9.2 | |
BAX | 2010-04-23 15:00 | 8.3 | −18.3 | 14 | 2.7 | 33 | 7.5 | |
SMR | 2010-04-24 13:30 | 8.3 | −7.8 | 31 | 1.8 | 38 | 11.6 | |
SMR | 2010-04-24 13:54 | 9.4 | −7.8 | 27 | 37 | 9.8 | ||
SMR | 2010-04-24 14:45 | 9.4 | −10.0 | 25 | 1.3 | 35 | 9.8 | |
SMR | 2010-04-24 15:50 | 11.1 | −8.9 | 24 | 30 | 9.9 | ||
SMR | 2010-04-24 17:25 | 11.1 | −10.6 | 20 | 0.7 | 21 | 10.1 | |
SMR | 2010-04-24 18:30 | 8.9 | −12.2 | 20 | 1.3 | 14 | 8.8 | |
MPTR | 2010-05-03 13:30 | 11.7 | −1.1 | 37 | 1.8 | 44 | 0 | 12.5 |
MPTR | 2010-05-03 14:20 | 12.8 | −1.1 | 35 | 1.2 | 42 | 0 | 10.3 |
MPTR | 2010-05-03 15:20 | 16.1 | −1.7 | 29 | 1.2 | 38 | 0 | 9.7 |
MPTR | 2010-05-03 16:20 | 15.0 | −2.2 | 31 | 2.8 | 32 | 0 | 9.8 |
MPTR | 2010-05-03 19:30 | 13.9 | −2.8 | 30 | 1.3 | 10 | 0 | 10.6 |
MPTR | 2010-05-03 20:30 | 15.0 | −2.8 | 31 | 3 | 9.9 | ||
G | 2010-05-04 10:30 | 9.4 | −3.9 | 39 | 1.1 | 38 | 0 | 11.6 |
G | 2010-05-04 11:25 | 10.6 | −3.3 | 38 | 0.7 | 42 | 0 | 11.2 |
G | 2010-05-04 12:20 | 11.7 | −2.8 | 35 | 1.6 | 44 | 0 | 9.6 |
G | 2010-05-04 16:45 | 15.0 | −2.2 | 31 | 2.7 | 30 | 0 | 9.3 |
G | 2010-05-04 19:15 | 13.9 | −3.3 | 29 | 1.9 | 12 | 9.5 | |
M | 2010-05-05 10:40 | 13.3 | −3.3 | 35 | 0.4 | 39 | 11.8 | |
M | 2010-05-05 11:10 | 10.6 | −2.2 | 38 | 41 | 12.4 | ||
M | 2010-05-05 11:55 | 12.2 | −2.8 | 37 | 1.2 | 44 | 12.0 | |
CL | 2010-05-20 10:00 | 15.0 | 3.9 | 47 | 1.0 | 38 | 95 | 12.6 |
CL | 2010-05-20 12:30 | 15.6 | 6.1 | 48 | 0.6 | 45 | 95 | 11.8 |
CL | 2010-05-20 14:17 | 18.3 | 7.2 | 45 | 1.5 | 43 | 95 | 10.3 |
CL | 2010-05-20 15:55 | 17.8 | 6.1 | 45 | 1.5 | 36 | 10.5 | |
WR | 2011-04-23 11:45 | 9.4 | −6.1 | 32 | 3.6 | 38 | 10.0 | |
WR | 2011-04-23 12:30 | 10.0 | −6.1 | 32 | 4.0 | 39 | 11.8 | |
WR | 2011-04-23 13:21 | 10.6 | −6.1 | 30 | 3.3 | 38 | 90 | 10.0 |
WR | 2011-04-23 15:45 | 13.3 | −5.6 | 26 | 3.4 | 30 | 25 | 9.2 |
WR | 2011-04-23 17:15 | 13.9 | −6.1 | 25 | 2.1 | 21 | 20 | 9.8 |
WR | 2011-04-24 13:30 | 12.2 | −6.7 | 25 | 2.3 | 38 | 0 | 9.0 |
WR | 2011-04-24 15:30 | 12.8 | −5.6 | 25 | 1.9 | 31 | 0 | 9.9 |
BAX | 2011-04-25 14:30 | 12.2 | −5.0 | 29 | 2.0 | 36 | 70 | 10.1 |
BAX | 2011-04-25 17:00 | 11.7 | −6.7 | 28 | 2.7 | 23 | 60 | 9.1 |
BAX | 2011-04-26 11:20 | 10.6 | −6.1 | 30 | 1.1 | 38 | 10 | 11.1 |
BAX | 2011-04-26 12:45 | 11.7 | −5.6 | 27 | 1.7 | 40 | 20 | 10.3 |
BAX | 2011-04-26 13:48 | 12.2 | −6.1 | 27 | 2.4 | 38 | 20 | 9.6 |
BAX | 2011-04-27 10:30 | 5.0 | −1.1 | 61 | 1.4 | 35 | 17.0 | |
BAX | 2011-04-29 12:45 | 10.0 | −5.6 | 34 | 2.8 | 41 | 35 | 11.6 |
BAX | 2011-04-29 13:45 | 10.6 | −5.0 | 33 | 2.2 | 39 | 35 | 9.4 |
BAX | 2011-04-29 16:10 | 10.6 | −5.0 | 31 | 1.9 | 29 | 75 | 10.0 |
BAX | 2011-04-29 17:30 | 10.6 | −5.6 | 31 | 3.4 | 21 | 75 | 9.7 |
BAX | 2011-04-29 18:30 | 11.1 | −5.0 | 31 | 3.8 | 14 | 25 | 9.4 |
BAX | 2011-04-29 19:30 | 11.7 | −5.0 | 31 | 1.2 | 8 | 20 | 9.8 |
BAX | 2011-04-30 09:55 | 7.8 | −5.0 | 40 | 1.1 | 33 | 100 | 12.5 |
BAX | 2011-04-30 11:30 | 9.4 | −5.0 | 34 | 1.9 | 39 | 100 | 11.2 |
BAX | 2011-04-30 12:30 | 11.1 | −6.1 | 31 | 3.3 | 41 | 100 | 9.5 |
BAX | 2011-04-30 13:30 | 11.7 | −5.6 | 30 | 3.4 | 40 | 100 | 9.7 |
BAX | 2011-04-30 14:45 | 11.1 | −5.6 | 30 | 4.5 | 36 | 100 | 8.9 |
BAX | 2011-04-30 15:45 | 10.0 | −6.1 | 31 | 3.3 | 32 | 100 | 8.2 |
BAX | 2011-04-30 17:00 | 9.4 | −6.7 | 31 | 3.6 | 24 | 100 | 9.1 |
BAX | 2011-05-01 11:35 | 8.9 | −5.0 | 36 | 1.1 | 40 | 40 | 10.2 |
BAX | 2011-05-01 12:20 | 11.7 | −4.4 | 30 | 0.4 | 41 | 35 | 9.4 |
BAX | 2011-05-01 13:30 | 10.0 | −6.7 | 28 | 1.5 | 40 | 45 | 9.2 |
BAX | 2011-05-01 14:35 | 8.3 | −1.7 | 49 | 3.2 | 37 | 70 | 11.4 |
D | 2011-05-03 13:00 | 7.2 | −2.2 | 46 | 2.4 | 41 | 60 | 15.5 |
D | 2011-05-03 14:00 | 8.3 | −3.9 | 40 | 2.1 | 39 | 60 | 13.4 |
D | 2011-05-03 15:00 | 10.0 | −2.8 | 37 | 2.4 | 36 | 60 | 11.7 |
CTR | 2011-05-05 11:20 | 9.4 | −5.6 | 34 | 0.5 | 40 | 90 | 11.9 |
CTR | 2011-05-05 12:30 | 7.2 | −7.8 | 32 | 0.9 | 42 | 75 | 11.8 |
CTR | 2011-05-05 13:30 | 10.0 | −7.8 | 27 | 1.3 | 42 | 60 | 11.0 |
SMR | 2011-05-13 11:50 | 6.1 | −6.1 | 40 | 1.2 | 43 | 75 | 11.9 |
SMR | 2011-05-13 14:00 | 8.3 | −5.0 | 37 | 1.4 | 42 | 100 | 10.8 |
SMR | 2011-05-13 15:25 | 10.0 | −5.0 | 36 | 1.4 | 37 | 100 | 10.5 |
SMR | 2011-05-13 16:30 | 8.3 | −5.0 | 37 | 1.7 | 31 | 100 | 10.8 |
SMR | 2011-05-13 17:30 | 9.4 | −4.4 | 37 | 0.8 | 25 | 100 | 12.2 |
SMR | 2011-05-13 18:45 | 10.0 | −3.3 | 39 | 1.4 | 17 | 95 | 10.6 |
SMR | 2011-05-14 11:40 | 13.3 | −3.9 | 30 | 0.8 | 43 | 0 | 9.6 |
SMR | 2011-05-14 12:30 | 13.9 | −5.0 | 27 | 0.9 | 44 | 0 | 9.1 |
SMR | 2011-05-14 13:20 | 14.4 | −3.9 | 27 | 0.7 | 44 | 0 | 9.0 |
SMR | 2011-05-14 14:30 | 14.4 | −4.4 | 26 | 1.5 | 41 | 3 | 9.3 |
SMR | 2011-05-14 15:45 | 15.6 | −5.0 | 23 | 0.8 | 35 | 5 | 7.9 |
SMR | 2011-05-14 16:30 | 17.2 | −4.4 | 22 | 2.0 | 31 | 5 | 7.5 |
SMR | 2011-05-14 17:30 | 17.2 | −5.0 | 22 | 0.6 | 25 | 5 | 8.1 |
WR | 2012-04-23 12:30 | 10.0 | −1.1 | 43 | 39 | 10 | 15.1 | |
WR | 2012-04-23 13:34 | 8.9 | −2.8 | 41 | 0.8 | 38 | 10 | 13.7 |
WR | 2012-04-23 14:14 | 9.4 | −3.9 | 39 | 0.8 | 36 | 12.4 | |
WR | 2012-04-23 15:05 | 10.6 | −3.9 | 35 | 1.9 | 33 | 15 | 11.1 |
WR | 2012-04-23 16:04 | 11.7 | −3.9 | 32 | 0.5 | 28 | 15 | 10.7 |
CTR | 2012-04-24 13:30 | 9.4 | −4.4 | 37 | 2.4 | 39 | 20 | 8.5 |
CTR | 2012-04-24 15:01 | 11.1 | −5.6 | 28 | 1.3 | 34 | 30 | 11.9 |
CTR | 2012-04-24 15:55 | 11.1 | −6.7 | 25 | 1.1 | 29 | 30 | 7.4 |
CTR | 2012-04-24 17:00 | 8.9 | −4.4 | 38 | 1.8 | 23 | 100 | 10.9 |
CTR | 2012-04-25 13:25 | 10.6 | −4.4 | 34 | 2.0 | 39 | 40 | 10.4 |
CTR | 2012-04-25 15:15 | 9.4 | −1.7 | 44 | 1.2 | 33 | 50 | 13.2 |
CTR | 2012-04-25 16:30 | 9.4 | −3.3 | 39 | 1.6 | 26 | 40 | 10.1 |
D | 2012-04-28 11:07 | 10.6 | −3.9 | 36 | 0.5 | 37 | 10.3 | |
D | 2012-04-28 11:42 | 10.6 | −3.9 | 35 | 39 | 40 | 10.7 | |
D | 2012-04-28 12:27 | 11.7 | −3.9 | 30 | 0.8 | 40 | 50 | 8.9 |
D | 2012-04-28 13:17 | 12.2 | −4.4 | 31 | 1.9 | 39 | 35 | 9.9 |
D | 2012-04-28 13:56 | 11.7 | −4.4 | 31 | 2.0 | 38 | 35 | 8.6 |
D | 2012-04-28 14:57 | 11.7 | −4.4 | 31 | 1.7 | 35 | 90 | 9.0 |
D | 2012-04-28 15:53 | 12.2 | −2.2 | 36 | 1.0 | 30 | 60 | 8.9 |
D | 2012-04-28 16:57 | 11.7 | −2.8 | 33 | 0.7 | 24 | 80 | 9.3 |
L | 2012-05-01 17:32 | −0.6 | −11.7 | 42 | 3.5 | 22 | 90 | 12.5 |
BAX | 2012-05-03 11:21 | 1.7 | −9.4 | 43 | 0.9 | 40 | 100 | 13.9 |
BAX | 2012-05-03 12:13 | 2.2 | −9.4 | 43 | 1.3 | 42 | 100 | 13.8 |
BAX | 2012-05-03 13:03 | 3.3 | −10.0 | 37 | 2.1 | 42 | 100 | 13.2 |
BAX | 2012-05-03 13:57 | 4.4 | −8.3 | 37 | 1.6 | 40 | 95 | 11.4 |
BAX | 2012-05-03 15:12 | 6.7 | −7.2 | 37 | 1.7 | 35 | 95 | 11.2 |
BAX | 2012-05-03 16:43 | 7.8 | −6.7 | 33 | 1.7 | 27 | 100 | 11.9 |
BAX | 2012-05-03 17:07 | 7.2 | −6.7 | 35 | 1.7 | 24 | 100 | 11.0 |
BAX | 2012-05-03 18:10 | 7.2 | −7.2 | 34 | 1.7 | 18 | 100 | 10.8 |
Y-IPBC | 2012-05-04 11:00 | 5.6 | −6.1 | 42 | 1.0 | 38 | 15 | 15.8 |
Y-IPBC | 2012-05-04 12:00 | 7.8 | −5.0 | 39 | 1.3 | 41 | 15 | 12.1 |
Y-IPBC | 2012-05-04 13:18 | 9.4 | −7.8 | 28 | 1.9 | 41 | 20 | 10.0 |
Y-IPBC | 2012-05-04 14:11 | 10.0 | −7.2 | 28 | 1.0 | 39 | 35 | 10.1 |
Y-IPBC | 2012-05-04 15:06 | 10.0 | −7.2 | 28 | 0.8 | 36 | 60 | 10.9 |
BAX | 2012-05-05 11:50 | 8.3 | −3.9 | 40 | 1.1 | 42 | 9.8 | |
BAX | 2012-05-05 12:40 | 8.3 | −4.4 | 37 | 0.6 | 43 | 35 | 9.8 |
BAX | 2012-05-05 13:37 | 11.1 | −4.4 | 34 | 1.8 | 42 | 50 | 10.4 |
BAX | 2012-05-05 16:25 | 12.2 | −5.6 | 29 | 2.5 | 29 | 50 | 9.7 |
SMR | 2012-05-08 09:40 | 6.1 | −3.3 | 48 | 0.8 | 33 | 50 | 11.8 |
SMR | 2012-05-08 10:00 | 6.7 | −3.3 | 45 | 0.7 | 35 | 60 | 12.2 |
SMR | 2012-05-08 12:00 | 11.1 | −2.8 | 40 | 0.7 | 42 | 75 | 11.9 |
SMR | 2012-05-08 13:00 | 11.1 | −2.2 | 37 | 1.3 | 43 | 95 | 11.1 |
CL | 2012-05-14 11:10 | 11.7 | −8.9 | 23 | 1.7 | 41 | 5 | 10.4 |
CL | 2012-05-14 12:03 | 14.4 | −8.3 | 19 | 1.3 | 44 | 10 | 7.9 |
CL | 2012-05-14 12:52 | 14.4 | −8.9 | 18 | 1.3 | 44 | 10 | 7.3 |
CL | 2012-05-14 13:26 | 13.9 | −7.8 | 22 | 1.9 | 44 | 10 | 8.8 |
CL | 2012-05-14 14:05 | 12.8 | −8.9 | 21 | 0.8 | 42 | 15 | 7.3 |
CL | 2012-05-14 15:02 | 12.8 | −8.3 | 21 | 0.9 | 39 | 20 | 8.2 |
CL | 2012-05-14 16:32 | 13.9 | −7.8 | 22 | 2.2 | 31 | 20 | 8.4 |
L | 2012-05-22 16:23 | 22.2 | 0.6 | 25 | 1.2 | 34 | 100 | 7.4 |
L | 2012-05-23 12:59 | 19.7 | 7.2 | 45 | 0.4 | 46 | 60 | 10.7 |
L | 2012-05-23 13:12 | 17.2 | 6.1 | 45 | 1.3 | 46 | 60 | 13.0 |
L | 2012-05-24 11:02 | 16.1 | 7.8 | 57 | 0.5 | 43 | 85 | 14.4 |
L | 2012-05-24 16:16 | 21.7 | 5.0 | 33 | 0.5 | 35 | 85 | 8.8 |
L | 2012-05-29 16:36 | 15.0 | 2.8 | 42 | 1.3 | 33 | 70 | 10.7 |
L | 2012-05-31 15:07 | 20.7 | 0.0 | 26 | 0.6 | 42 | 100 | 8.4 |
L | 2012-06-01 15:20 | 16.7 | 6.1 | 48 | 0.7 | 41 | 90 | 11.7 |
L | 2012-06-05 09:31 | 17.2 | 11.1 | 67 | 0.6 | 37 | 15 | 21.5 |
L | 2012-06-08 15:46 | 24.8 | 13.7 | 49 | 0.6 | 39 | 90 | 12.4 |
L | 2012-06-20 15:00 | 26.2 | 7.2 | 30 | 0.5 | 44 | 10 | 8.2 |
ED | 2013-04-20 09:35 | 0.0 | −15.6 | 29 | 0.0 | 27 | 0 | 10.2 |
ED | 2013-04-20 13:30 | 6.1 | −12.8 | 23 | 0.8 | 36 | 0 | 8.0 |
ED | 2013-04-20 16:30 | 5.6 | −12.2 | 25 | 0.6 | 25 | 0 | 7.8 |
ED | 2013-04-22 08:58 | −3.3 | −13.9 | 43 | 0.0 | 25 | 0 | 11.9 |
ED | 2013-04-23 20:15 | 5.6 | −10.3 | 31 | 0.0 | 3 | 100 | 8.5 |
ED | 2013-05-02 20:05 | 1.9 | −8.9 | 39 | 0.0 | 6 | 70 | 13.2 |
ED | 2013-05-03 19:33 | 0.6 | −5.6 | 65 | 0.7 | 10 | 100 | 16.8 |
ED | 2013-05-03 20:25 | −1.7 | −6.1 | 70 | 0.6 | 5 | 100 | 17.9 |
ED | 2013-05-04 11:40 | −2.1 | −8.5 | 60 | 0.4 | 40 | 100 | 15.5 |
ED | 2013-05-04 14:32 | 1.3 | −7.3 | 55 | 0.3 | 38 | 100 | 14.0 |
ED | 2013-05-04 18:29 | 3.3 | −6.7 | 49 | 0.5 | 17 | 80 | 13.1 |
ED | 2013-05-04 21:40 | −0.4 | −7.8 | 54 | 0.0 | -1 | 0 | 8.7 |
ED | 2013-05-05 11:00 | 2.8 | −10.0 | 40 | 0.3 | 38 | 0 | 9.2 |
ED | 2013-05-05 14:02 | 2.2 | −11.7 | 35 | 0.3 | 40 | 0 | 9.8 |
ED | 2013-05-05 19:50 | 3.9 | −7.8 | 40 | 0.4 | 9 | 0 | 9.2 |
ED | 2013-05-17 08:26 | 2.2 | −3.9 | 60 | 0.5 | 28 | 100 | 15.1 |
ED | 2013-05-17 16:51 | 3.3 | −5.6 | 49 | 0.4 | 30 | 100 | 13.2 |
ED | 2013-05-18 17:07 | 0.6 | −13.9 | 33 | 0.4 | 28 | 0 | 9.6 |
ED | 2013-05-18 17:13 | 16.7 | 10.6 | 69 | 0.0 | 28 | 0 | 11.5 |
BAX | 2013-05-21 12:03 | 11.7 | −10.0 | 21 | 0.5 | 46 | 0 | 8.1 |
BAX | 2013-05-21 13:03 | 11.7 | −13.1 | 16 | 2.7 | 46 | 3 | 8.0 |
BAX | 2013-05-21 13:22 | 12.2 | −11.7 | 16 | 2.0 | 46 | 3 | 6.1 |
BAX | 2013-05-21 13:30 | 13.9 | −11.5 | 15 | 1.2 | 46 | 3 | 7.1 |
BAX | 2013-05-21 13:55 | 13.9 | −11.1 | 15 | 1.6 | 45 | 3 | 7.7 |
BAX | 2013-05-21 14:28 | 14.3 | −12.6 | 14 | 0.6 | 43 | 5 | 7.1 |
BAX | 2013-05-21 14:57 | 14.4 | −10.0 | 16 | 0.4 | 41 | 3 | 6.6 |
BAX | 2013-05-21 15:27 | 14.4 | −11.3 | 16 | 1.4 | 38 | 3 | 7.1 |
BAX | 2013-05-21 16:02 | 15.3 | −7.2 | 22 | 2.5 | 35 | 3 | 6.5 |
BAX | 2013-05-21 17:00 | 16.4 | −7.2 | 18 | 0.5 | 29 | 3 | 6.3 |
BAX | 2013-05-22 11:49 | 16.7 | −3.9 | 23 | 0.4 | 46 | 0 | 7.8 |
BAX | 2013-05-22 13:03 | 16.7 | −5.6 | 20 | 1.3 | 46 | 0 | 7.2 |
BAX | 2013-05-22 14:03 | 17.8 | −5.6 | 20 | 1.4 | 44 | 5 | 6.2 |
BAX | 2013-05-22 15:02 | 16.7 | −5.6 | 23 | 2.8 | 40 | 5 | 6.6 |
BAX | 2013-05-22 16:05 | 16.1 | −6.7 | 19 | 3.5 | 35 | 5 | 6.5 |
BAX | 2013-05-22 17:05 | 15.6 | −8.6 | 18 | 3.0 | 29 | 5 | 6.0 |
G | 2013-05-24 08:35 | 10.0 | 2.2 | 58 | 0.4 | 30 | 0 | 17.2 |
G | 2013-05-24 11:05 | 14.4 | 3.6 | 49 | 1.1 | 45 | 5 | 12.7 |
G | 2013-05-24 11:58 | 15.6 | 3.9 | 45 | 0.9 | 48 | 5 | 10.9 |
G | 2013-05-24 13:00 | 16.1 | 3.6 | 43 | 1.1 | 50 | 2 | 10.3 |
G | 2013-05-24 15:03 | 19.4 | 3.5 | 33 | 0.5 | 44 | 8 | 9.1 |
G | 2013-05-24 15:58 | 21.1 | 3.7 | 31 | 0.5 | 39 | 15 | 8.3 |
G | 2013-05-24 16:55 | 20.8 | 3.3 | 33 | 0.8 | 33 | 20 | 9.2 |
G | 2013-05-24 17:55 | 21.7 | 3.9 | 32 | 1.3 | 25 | 30 | 8.0 |
G | 2013-05-25 10:00 | 15.4 | 1.7 | 40 | 0.3 | 40 | 0 | 11.1 |
G | 2013-05-25 11:05 | 16.1 | 2.2 | 39 | 0.7 | 45 | 1 | 10.4 |
G | 2013-05-25 12:03 | 16.7 | 3.1 | 38 | 0.7 | 49 | 1 | 10.0 |
G | 2013-05-25 13:02 | 18.9 | 2.2 | 32 | 0.8 | 50 | 2 | 8.8 |
G | 2013-05-25 15:33 | 17.9 | 1.1 | 30 | 2.2 | 41 | 2 | 8.3 |
G | 2013-05-25 16:43 | 19.2 | −1.4 | 24 | 2.9 | 34 | 5 | 7.8 |
R-IPBC | 2013-05-26 08:50 | 11.1 | 3.9 | 61 | 0.0 | 32 | 98 | 14.4 |
R-IPBC | 2013-05-26 10:46 | 10.0 | 3.3 | 66 | 1.6 | 44 | 85 | 13.9 |
R-IPBC | 2013-05-26 11:47 | 11.4 | 3.3 | 54 | 1.0 | 48 | 70 | 14.2 |
R-IPBC | 2013-05-26 14:00 | 19.1 | 0.3 | 30 | 0.9 | 48 | 60 | 10.6 |
R-IPBC | 2013-05-26 15:03 | 16.4 | 3.1 | 36 | 1.1 | 44 | 80 | 9.1 |
R-IPBC | 2013-05-26 16:10 | 18.3 | 3.9 | 38 | 0.4 | 38 | 80 | 8.9 |
MPTR | 2013-05-27 16:22 | 23.5 | 5.0 | 29 | 1.2 | 37 | 1 | 8.2 |
MPTR | 2013-05-27 16:28 | 23.2 | 4.6 | 28 | 1.2 | 36 | 1 | 7.8 |
MPTR | 2013-05-27 16:44 | 23.3 | 4.6 | 28 | 1.0 | 34 | 1 | 7.5 |
ED | 2013-05-29 16:33 | 29.1 | 1.5 | 17 | 0.4 | 34 | 3 | 4.9 |
ED | 2013-05-29 16:38 | 29.9 | −0.2 | 15 | 0.3 | 33 | 3 | 4.0 |
L | 2013-05-30 15:14 | 28.5 | 1.5 | 17 | 0.7 | 41 | 8 | 6.0 |
L | 2013-05-30 15:19 | 30.0 | 0.6 | 15 | 0.7 | 41 | 8 | 5.9 |
L | 2013-05-30 15:24 | 27.8 | -0.8 | 14 | 0.9 | 40 | 8 | 5.3 |
ED | 2013-06-05 08:03 | 10.0 | 5.6 | 75 | 0.3 | 28 | 100 | 18.1 |
ED | 2013-06-05 10:38 | 9.4 | 4.4 | 72 | 0.5 | 43 | 100 | 22.2 |
ED | 2013-06-05 14:08 | 10.0 | 7.2 | 83 | 0.0 | 46 | 100 | 21.5 |
ED | 2013-06-05 16:01 | 12.8 | 9.4 | 83 | 0.0 | 38 | 100 | 20.7 |
WR | 2014-04-15 12:36 | 8.3 | −1.7 | 49 | 0.5 | 36 | 100 | 14.9 |
WR | 2014-04-15 13:05 | 8.9 | −2.2 | 46 | 1.7 | 36 | 100 | 14.0 |
WR | 2014-04-15 13:50 | 8.3 | −2.2 | 46 | 2.1 | 35 | 100 | 15.5 |
WR | 2014-04-15 15:06 | 9.4 | −2.8 | 43 | 1.8 | 30 | 100 | 12.3 |
WR | 2014-04-15 16:07 | 10.0 | −2.8 | 39 | 1.2 | 25 | 100 | 13.1 |
WR | 2014-04-15 17:08 | 8.3 | −2.8 | 43 | 0.8 | 19 | 13.0 | |
BAX | 2014-04-17 12:06 | 7.2 | 0.0 | 60 | 1.2 | 36 | 30 | 13.6 |
BAX | 2014-04-17 13:14 | 7.8 | −1.7 | 54 | 2.3 | 36 | 30 | 13.2 |
BAX | 2014-04-17 14:10 | 8.3 | −1.7 | 47 | 1.8 | 35 | 25 | 13.5 |
BAX | 2014-04-17 15:08 | 10.0 | −2.8 | 38 | 1.5 | 31 | 20 | 11.5 |
BAX | 2014-04-17 16:12 | 9.4 | −2.8 | 42 | 3.0 | 25 | 30 | 15.2 |
BAX | 2014-04-17 17:05 | 8.9 | −2.2 | 43 | 2.9 | 20 | 20 | 12.3 |
BAX | 2014-04-17 18:13 | 9.4 | −4.4 | 37 | 1.5 | 13 | 15 | 11.4 |
BAX | 2014-04-17 18:47 | 8.3 | −5.0 | 37 | 2.1 | 9 | 15 | 12.1 |
BAX | 2014-04-17 19:40 | 7.2 | −3.3 | 45 | 3.1 | 3 | 15 | 13.0 |
BAX | 2014-04-18 09:10 | 3.3 | −3.3 | 63 | 1.7 | 26 | 25 | 17.0 |
BAX | 2014-04-19 09:24 | 5.6 | −5.6 | 45 | 0.6 | 27 | 2 | 13.2 |
BDZ | 2014-04-20 08:55 | 8.3 | −2.8 | 47 | 0.7 | 25 | 0 | 15.5 |
BDZ | 2014-04-20 09:50 | 7.2 | −4.4 | 42 | 3.5 | 30 | 0 | 12.5 |
BDZ | 2014-04-20 10:59 | 7.8 | −4.4 | 38 | 3.4 | 35 | 0 | 12.1 |
BDZ | 2014-04-20 11:26 | 8.3 | −3.9 | 41 | 2.2 | 36 | 0 | 11.9 |
BDZ | 2014-04-20 12:01 | 10.0 | −4.4 | 35 | 2.5 | 37 | 0 | 10.3 |
BDZ | 2014-04-20 13:25 | 12.2 | −3.3 | 33 | 2.2 | 37 | 10 | 9.3 |
BDZ | 2014-04-20 13:58 | 11.7 | −3.3 | 34 | 3.0 | 36 | 10 | 9.7 |
BDZ | 2014-04-20 16:28 | 11.1 | −6.7 | 27 | 1.3 | 25 | 40 | 9.9 |
BDZ | 2014-04-20 17:21 | 11.7 | −6.7 | 28 | 0.6 | 19 | 40 | 9.8 |
BDZ | 2014-04-20 18:45 | 11.1 | −7.2 | 25 | 3.2 | 10 | 40 | 9.3 |
BDZ | 2014-04-20 19:25 | 10.6 | −7.2 | 27 | 1.9 | 6 | 30 | 9.3 |
CTR | 2014-04-21 09:00 | 7.2 | −4.4 | 44 | 0.0 | 25 | 0 | 14.3 |
CTR | 2014-04-21 10:40 | 7.8 | −5.6 | 39 | 0.8 | 34 | 0 | 12.2 |
CTR | 2014-04-21 13:34 | 12.2 | −5.6 | 28 | 1.6 | 37 | 20 | 11.0 |
CTR | 2014-04-21 14:55 | 13.9 | −6.1 | 25 | 1.3 | 33 | 35 | 10.0 |
CTR | 2014-04-21 15:47 | 11.7 | −7.8 | 25 | 1.0 | 29 | 45 | 7.7 |
CTR | 2014-04-21 16:55 | 12.8 | −5.6 | 27 | 1.3 | 23 | 40 | 8.0 |
CTR | 2014-04-21 18:00 | 11.7 | −7.2 | 25 | 1.3 | 16 | 60 | 8.1 |
CTR | 2014-04-21 18:55 | 11.7 | −5.0 | 31 | 1.0 | 10 | 70 | 9.8 |
CTR | 2014-04-22 08:10 | 3.3 | −6.1 | 45 | 0.3 | 21 | 5 | 17.1 |
CTR | 2014-04-22 09:44 | 7.2 | −5.6 | 40 | 0.5 | 30 | 5 | 12.8 |
CTR | 2014-04-22 12:10 | 11.1 | −6.7 | 29 | 1.4 | 38 | 15 | 10.8 |
CTR | 2014-04-22 14:35 | 12.2 | −5.6 | 28 | 1.9 | 35 | 60 | 10.8 |
CTR | 2014-04-22 18:00 | 11.7 | −7.8 | 24 | 1.7 | 16 | 75 | 8.4 |
CTR | 2014-04-22 19:00 | 10.6 | −6.1 | 28 | 1.2 | 9 | 75 | 9.3 |
CTR | 2014-04-23 08:55 | 3.9 | −7.2 | 45 | 0.4 | 26 | 0 | 16.4 |
Y-IPBC | 2014-05-01 18:35 | 20.6 | 0.0 | 27 | 0.4 | 15 | 1 | 8.1 |
ED | 2014-05-04 05:30 | 3.3 | −0.6 | 74 | 0.0 | 7 | 20 | 29.0 |
ED | 2014-05-04 08:22 | 8.3 | 3.3 | 72 | 0.4 | 24 | 95 | 23.9 |
SMC | 2014-05-09 08:46 | 9.4 | −1.7 | 43 | 0.5 | 28 | 0 | 12.9 |
SMC | 2014-05-09 09:35 | 9.4 | −1.1 | 42 | 0.8 | 34 | 1 | 12.9 |
SMC | 2014-05-09 10:52 | 10.6 | −1.1 | 42 | 2.1 | 41 | 1 | 11.9 |
SMC | 2014-05-09 12:00 | 13.3 | −0.6 | 38 | 1.3 | 45 | 2 | 11.0 |
SMC | 2014-05-09 13:06 | 15.0 | 1.1 | 39 | 1.5 | 46 | 2 | 9.8 |
SMC | 2014-05-09 15:00 | 18.9 | 0.0 | 29 | 1.7 | 41 | 1 | 9.5 |
SMC | 2014-05-09 15:57 | 18.3 | −0.6 | 28 | 1.3 | 36 | 1 | 8.7 |
SMC | 2014-05-09 16:50 | 18.9 | −0.6 | 25 | 1.9 | 30 | 2 | 8.9 |
SMC | 2014-05-09 17:50 | 18.3 | 0.0 | 29 | 1.4 | 23 | 2 | 8.4 |
SMC | 2014-05-09 19:00 | 18.3 | −2.2 | 25 | 1.3 | 15 | 20 | 8.3 |
SMC | 2014-05-09 20:00 | 18.3 | −2.2 | 24 | 1.5 | 8 | 15 | 8.3 |
ED | 2015-05-18 06:55 | 13.9 | −0.3 | 36 | 18 | 0 | 15.7 | |
ED | 2015-05-19 06:20 | 5.0 | 1.1 | 78 | 0.0 | 15 | 0 | 29.4 |
ED | 2015-05-19 09:51 | 20.6 | 5.2 | 37 | 36 | 0 | 13.6 | |
ED | 2015-05-23 16:00 | 31.6 | −3.2 | 10 | 36 | 10 | 6.3 | |
ED | 2015-05-23 16:10 | 32.8 | −4.1 | 9 | 1.5 | 35 | 10 | 7.8 |
ED | 2015-05-23 16:15 | 29.8 | −6.0 | 10 | 0.8 | 34 | 10 | 5.8 |
ED | 2015-05-23 18:30 | 28.2 | −3.4 | 12 | 21 | 7.9 | ||
ED | 2015-05-26 07:40 | 16.2 | 7.8 | 54 | 0.7 | 25 | 70 | 23.1 |
ED | 2015-05-27 09:45 | 14.2 | 8.3 | 68 | 37 | 20.8 | ||
ED | 2015-05-27 09:50 | 15.0 | 8.3 | 65 | 0.0 | 38 | 15.8 | |
ED | 2015-05-27 10:45 | 17.5 | 8.9 | 58 | 0.0 | 42 | 80 | 18.0 |
ED | 2015-05-29 06:30 | 7.2 | 4.4 | 82 | 0.0 | 18 | 90 | 20.6 |
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Region Dataset Type | Alaska Calibration | Canada Evaluation | Australia Evaluation |
---|---|---|---|
Day of the Year | 126 (104–171) | 141 (136–144) | 11 (329–116) |
Time of Day | 14:16 (05:30–21:40) | 14:47 (07:00–21:00) | 13:45 (10:00–19:30) |
Solar elevation angle () | 33.4 (−1.4–50) | 52.2 (−7.1–65) | |
Solar radiation () | 474 (0–798) | 449 (11–936) | 756 (53–1392) |
Temperature ( ) | 12.1 (−3.3–32.8) | 15.1 (2.6–22.2) | 26.3 (16.8–37.5) |
Dewpoint ( ) | −3.5 (−18.3–13.7) | 3.5 (−4.7–11.2) | 7.3 (−4.1–15.2) |
Relative humidity (%) | 35.4 (8.7–83) | 49.2 (19–85) | 32.9 (13–59) |
Windspeed () | 1.3 (0–4.5) | 1.2 (0–2.5) | 2.0 (0.6–4.0) |
Cloud Cover (%) | 39 (0–100) | ||
Moisture Content (%) | 11.0 (4.1–29.4) | 12.3 (6.7–22.7) | 8.2 (3.5–13.9) |
Number of observations | 293 | 54 | 75 |
Modified Oswin | Modified Halsey | Modified Henderson | Modified hung-Pfost | Chung-Pfost | Dewpoint Depression | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oswin | Halsey | Henderson | Chung-Pfost | Chung-Pfost | Depression | |
a | 3.83 *** | 4.86 *** | 64800 *** | *** | ||
b | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | * |
c | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
RMS | 0.0555 | 0.0566 | 0.0581 | 0.0554 | 0.0581 | 0.0556 |
RSE | 0.236 | 0.238 | 0.241 | 0.235 | 0.241 | 0.236 |
d.f. | 290 | 290 | 290 | 290 | 291 | 290 |
Model | r | RMSE | MAE | MSA (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dewpoint Depression | 0.872 | 1.71 | 1.16 | 8.36 |
Modified Chung-Pfost | 0.871 | 1.71 | 1.16 | 8.64 |
Modified Oswin | 0.871 | 1.71 | 1.16 | 8.96 |
Modified Halsey | 0.866 | 1.74 | 1.18 | 8.77 |
Chung-Pfost | 0.866 | 1.74 | 1.21 | 9.88 |
Modified Henderson | 0.866 | 1.75 | 1.18 | 9.45 |
Model | r | RMSE | MAE | MBE | MSA (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canada. n = 54 | |||||
Modified Oswin | 0.956 | 1.66 | 1.26 | +1.15 | 8.76 |
Dewpoint Depression | 0.953 | 1.69 | 1.23 | +1.12 | 9.08 |
Modified Chung-Pfost | 0.954 | 1.74 | 1.32 | +1.22 | 9.72 |
Australia. n = 75 | |||||
Dewpoint Depression | 0.517 | 2.59 | 2.13 | +1.13 | 23.5 |
Modified Oswin | 0.513 | 2.61 | 2.17 | +1.20 | 24.8 |
Modified Chung-Pfost | 0.511 | 2.68 | 2.23 | +1.29 | 26.4 |
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Miller, E.A. Moisture Sorption Models for Fuel Beds of Standing Dead Grass in Alaska. Fire 2019, 2, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire2010002
Miller EA. Moisture Sorption Models for Fuel Beds of Standing Dead Grass in Alaska. Fire. 2019; 2(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire2010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiller, Eric A. 2019. "Moisture Sorption Models for Fuel Beds of Standing Dead Grass in Alaska" Fire 2, no. 1: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire2010002
APA StyleMiller, E. A. (2019). Moisture Sorption Models for Fuel Beds of Standing Dead Grass in Alaska. Fire, 2(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire2010002