Diagnostics of Air Purification Plasma Device by Spatially Resolved Emission Spectroscopy

Abstract

A non-thermal plasma, air purification device (PlasmaShield^®, MD250, Keswick, SA, Australia), was investigated using spatially resolved optical emission spectroscopy. The emission spectra were measured with two spatial dimensions to analyze and identify the transition lines of excited NO–γ (A²Σ–X²Π), N₂ (C³Π–B³Π), and N₂⁺ (B²Σ–X²Σ) systems. The N₂ emission band at 337 and 316 nm were used to determine the spatially resolved vibrational temperature of N₂ molecules, $T_{vib}^{N_2}$. It was found that the average N₂ vibrational temperatures in the x and y directions are almost the same. Two key operating parameters, supplied power and air flow, influence the N₂ vibrational temperature. The results demonstrate that applying higher supplied power increases the vibrational temperature, while changes in air flow velocity do not affect the vibrational temperature values. The phenomenological plasma temperature (PPT) was also estimated from the N₂ vibrational temperature. It was observed that PlasmaShield^® generates excited N₂ and NO only within a narrow region around the discharge electrode tip (with peak intensity below 100 µm from the tip). The study also shows no presence of excited OH*, O*, and other radicals.

1. Introduction

Non-thermal plasma is a cutting-edge low-temperature technology that has been used in a range of biomedical and chemical applications such as the treatment of chronic wounds and cancer, tissue regeneration, and decontamination [1,2,3,4]. In recent years, non-thermal plasma technology has also been used to remove airborne contaminants in order to improve indoor air quality and bio-decontamination [5,6,7,8,9]. In terms of bio-decontamination, the technology has the capability to destroy microorganisms, including but not limited to harmful bacteria and viruses, by the methods such as electron beam irradiation and irreversible electroporation. It has the advantages of high efficiency of purification, short action time, with few side effects on the environment.

Specifically, non-thermal plasma is typically generated by electrical discharging under a high electric field. For air environment at atmospheric pressure, atomic species such as N(²D), N(⁴S), N(²P), O(³P), O(¹D), and O(¹S) can present in their electronic ground or excited-state through excitation, ionization, and dissociation processes [10]. These metastable species recombine and can directly collide with electrons to produce a large amount of reactive molecular species such as N₂, ${\mathrm{N}}_2{}^{+}$, radicals such as NO, OH, and others. In order to restabilize, the reactive species act as electron acceptors or donors to effectively neutralize airborne contaminants, which plays a significant role in air purification. In detail, three main processes should be taken into consideration when using non-thermal plasma for air purification: (1) plasma irradiation provides sufficient energy to cleave chemical bonds in airborne contaminants and break down their structure into small molecules such as CO₂, N₂, and H₂O. This enables the effective reduction of odorous compounds, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and related compounds in the air [9,10]; (2) the fine airborne particles are charged by the electrons and ions in the plasma region, causing the particles to agglomerate and form larger clusters, which are then captured by an air filter [9]; (3) reactive species, such as OH, ${\mathrm{N}}_2{}^{+}$, and NO, are generated in the plasma and react with pathogens, altering their surface structure. Afterward, the species can further inactivate the harmful microorganisms by destroying the internal content at the DNA level [11,12,13,14,15]. In fact, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced by plasma also play key roles in sterilization and decontamination [16,17,18]. Compared with the plasma discharge in noble gases, such as helium and argon, atmospheric pressure plasma is more economical and efficient, although performance data are not broadly available; therefore, a better understanding of the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species will reveal more information about the plasma-microorganism interactions.

To obtain quantitative information about the species, optical emission spectroscopy is applied as a non-intrusive method to track changes in the plasma composition. It can analyze the excited-state atoms and molecules, the levels of non-equilibrium, and the temperatures of gases and electrons [19,20,21]. UV-visible emission spectroscopy can also identify the excited molecules and radicals during the chemical process. It is important for a better understanding of the mechanisms of species formation [22]. Furthermore, spatially resolved emission spectroscopy can provide evaluations of electron density distribution and measurement of the active plasma size, which can be used for plasma shielding and to characterize the physical mechanism of non-thermal plasma in purification processes [19].

As mentioned above, plasma characteristics have significant effects on its purification capability. Thus, developing a device with suitable plasma features is of high importance in plasma-based air purification technology. Plasma Shield Ltd. has recently manufactured a medical-grade air treatment system that can be integrated into a building’s Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system, aimed at the effective destruction of harmful microorganisms, elimination of VOCs, and removal of airborne particles [23]. It uses a corona discharge device to produce a plasma region. A high-intensity electric field and low-energy electron beam irradiation are generated inside the device. The electron beam irradiation inactivates viruses and microorganisms by damaging their nucleic acid, while the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species further penetrate bacteria and viruses through diffusion [24,25,26]. In addition, by adding an electric charge to passing particles, the PlasmaShield^® device (PlasmaShield®, MD250, Keswick, SA, Australia) is able to collect the fine particles in the air flow and chemically decompose VOCs into harmless compounds. It has recently been evaluated for its ability to inactivate airborne microbes and remove VOCs and related compounds [27,28,29]. It is therefore important to investigate the plasma characteristics generated by PlasmaShield^® as a benchmark to correlate the generated plasma field and its performance.

This study aims to characterize the plasma-induced reactive species produced by the PlasmaShield^® Air Purification Device using spatially resolved optical emission spectroscopy. The emission spectra were collected near the tips of the discharge electrodes and further used to identify the reactive nitrogen species. The emission spectra were analyzed with respect to wavelength and two spatial dimensions. The vibrational temperature of N₂ molecules, $T_{vib}^{N_2}$, was also evaluated based on the transition lines of excited N₂.

2. Materials and Methods

The experimental setup is outlined in Figure 1. PlasmaShield^® Air Purification Device (PSAPD) was connected to an extraction fan, Blauberg Turbo 250G, to control the air flow. Air, at ambient temperature and pressure, was used as the main working fluid. The axial velocity of the air flow was measured by a calibrated hot wire, Testo 405i. The PSAPD consists of 12 cylindrical cells with multi-layered discharge arrays. Each cell is ~80 mm long and consists of round-shape metal with its external circumference engineered to form 60 rectangular sharp ~2 mm-long tips, as shown in Figure 2a. High voltage, up to 10 kV, was applied between the outside of the cell and the tips to create and sustain the non-thermal plasma. Figure 2c shows a typical plasma from a single tip, which was recorded with a digital photographic camera (Nikon D750, Nikon Hong Kong Ltd., Hong Kong, China) and Tamron 90 mm macro lens (Tamron, Saitama, Japan) with an appropriate extension tube.

The plasma emission from a single tip was collected by a fused silica lens (f = +50 mm). To increase the spatial resolution, a fused silica lens with a focal length of +100 mm, was used to double the image of the plasma on the entrance of a fiber optic cable (Thorlabs, BFL200HS02, Newton, NJ, USA). The fiber entrance was mounted on an x, y, z mechanical translation stage with a 1 mm spatial resolution in x-, y-, and z-coordinates. The other end of the optical fiber was attached to a USB spectrometer (Avantes, ULS2048-RS-EVO, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands), having diffraction grating with 300 grooves/mm, and equipped with a 25 µm entrance slit. The spectral resolution of the spectrometer is 1.4 nm. Two emission spectra were recorded and averaged at a fixed exposure time of 2 s. The fiber optic head was scanned in the x (horizontal) and y (vertical) directions, as shown in Figure 2b. Emission spectra were recorded at each location. The plus sign is defined as the position above the tip, while the minus sign denotes the position below the tip.

3. Results and Discussion

Figure 3 shows a typical emission spectrum, recorded at an air flow velocity of 1.6 m∙s⁻¹, at x and y values of 0 and 19 µm, respectively. The spectrometer was set to record the spectrum in long scan mode from 200 to 800 nm. As expected with non-equilibrium air plasma at ambient temperature and pressure, the signals are mainly observed in the region from 200 to 450 nm dominated by emission from electronically excited NO* to ${\mathrm{N}}_2{}^{*}$ spectra. The spectra show no presence of excited OH*, O*, or other radicals.

To estimate the spectral changes over location, Figure 4a shows a typical example of the spatially resolved emission spectra between 200 to 400 nm wavelength. The spectra were recorded at a fixed horizontal location (x = 0) along the vertical direction from −85 to 140 μm with a spatial resolution of 5 μm. The peaks observed in the 300–380 nm region are attributed to the N₂ (C³Π–B³Π) system. The emission at 337 nm, which represents the transition of C³Π–B³Π (0–0), shows the strongest intensity at the same y location compared to the other N₂ (C³Π–B³Π) signals. The line intensity at 337 nm attains the maximum at the location of −50 μm and gradually decreases along the +y direction.

NO (A²Σ–X²Π) signals are only observed at the position just above the tip, 0–50 μm, which is highlighted in the red circle in Figure 4a and presented in Figure 4b with a higher spatial resolution of 2.5 μm. According to the high-resolution scan of the NO spectra, the peak with the highest intensity measured at 226 nm is attributed to the transition of A²Σ–X²Π (0–0), and the line intensity reaches the maximum at the location near 25 μm above the tip and then attenuates along the ±y direction.

In order to extract the spectroscopic characteristics of the N₂ and NO groups, the emission spectrum is divided into three individual regions, which are (a) 200–300 nm, (b) 300–390 nm, and (c) 400–450 nm for the visualization and the assignment of each known transition line. As shown in Figure 5a, the emission spectrum of air plasma shows clear peaks at 214, 226, 235, 245, and 256 nm, which are attributed to the NO–γ system (A²Σ–X²Π). The highest intensity is found at the transition band of (0–1) at 235 nm. The NO species are predominantly formed in the N₂ discharge and are often detected in air plasma. NO formation is attributed to the reaction of the excited N and O species. NO acts as a free radical because of an unpaired electron in the 2p orbital. Thus, it is expected that NO can react with bacteria and viruses and damage their structure, resulting in an inhibition of their activities.

In Figure 5b,c, the predominant excited species are N₂ species containing a second positive system. The spectra show relatively strong intensity at 296, 316, 337, 357, 380, 404, and 433 nm, which are assigned to the transitions of N₂ C³Π–B³Π. The highest intensity is at 337 nm. The peaks of nitrogen ions, ${\mathrm{N}}_2{}^{+}$, first negative system (B²Σ–X²Σ) are also observed at 391, 419, and 427 nm with relatively weak intensity. The observed ${\mathrm{N}}_2{}^{+}$ shows the existence of energetic electrons and a high level of non-equilibrium. The energetic ${\mathrm{N}}_2{}^{+}$ plays a crucial role in air purification by affecting the process of excitation, dissociation, and ionization.

Table 1. Summary of the N₂, N₂⁺, and NO transitions and their corresponding emission wavelengths and Franck-Condon factors [30].

	Transition Band	Wavelength (nm)	Franck-Condon Factor
NO–γ (A2Σ–X2Π)	1–0	214	0.330
	0–0	226	0.162
	0–1	235	0.262
	0–2	245	0.237
	0–3	256	0.161
N2 (C3Π–B3Π)	3–1	296	0.252
	1–0	316	0.388
	0–0	337	0.455
	0–1	357	0.331
	0–2	380	0.145
	0–3	404	0.0494
	0–4	433	0.0145
N2+ (B2Σ–X2Σ)	0–0	391	0.651
	2–3	419	0.229
	0–1	427	0.259

presents the identified NO, N₂, and ${\mathrm{N}}_2{}^{+}$ transition bands with their corresponding emission wavelengths and Franck–Condon factors. The Franck–Condon factor indicates the transition probability between the upper and lower energy states. These factors are used to calculate N₂ vibrational temperature. Two N₂ transition lines at 316 and 337 nm were used to determine the N₂ vibrational temperature.

Figure 6 presents a schematic diagram with the characteristic transition system of N₂ and ${\mathrm{N}}_2{}^{+}$. The emission wavelengths are labeled on the top of each transition arrow. As shown in the figure, the transitions of ${\mathrm{N}}_2{}^{+}$ (B²Σ–X²Σ) at 391, 419, and 427 nm are assigned to the transition bands (0–0), (2–3), and (0–1), respectively. The electronic state energy of ${\mathrm{N}}_2{}^{+}$ is much higher than that of N₂. The observed N₂ (C³Π–B³Π) peaks corresponding to the wavelength of 337, 357, 380, 404, and 433 nm are assigned to the transitions from C³Π to five consecutive lower vibrational levels of the B³Π state, which are (0–0), (0–1), (0–2), (0–3), and (0–4), respectively. The highest line intensity observed at 337 nm in Figure 5 is because of the large gap between its upper and lower states compared with the other transitions. Although the transition energy of 296 and 316 nm are also high, the insufficient molecular population at these transitions makes their line intensities lower than 337 nm. It is notable that all the excited states are at an energy level above 56,000 cm⁻¹ compared to the ground state. This implies that the excited N₂ favors the production of O atoms as O–O bond dissociation of O₂ requires only 410,000 cm⁻¹ [31]. These O atoms can then couple with N species and produce NO, which is in agreement with the previous finding shown in Figure 5a.

Figure 7a clearly shows the line intensity of the N₂ second positive system (C³Π–B³Π) along the y direction, where the top of the tip is referred to as the location of x = 0 and y = 0. When increasing the value of y, the intensity becomes lower. This phenomenon can be clearly observed in the added plasma photograph in Figure 2c as well. The high line intensity is observed at the location around −75 and 100 µm in the y direction. These two outwards peaks define the boundary of the plasma sphere.

It is interesting to note that there are three local maxima. For example, for N₂ emission at 337 nm, the three local maxima appear at −65, 30, and 65 µm. The center one, located at y = ~30 µm, represents the strong electric field above the center of the tip. The other two maxima, at the left and the right, represent the strong eclectic fields at the edge of the side of the tip. It is worth noting that the profile of the tip is not conical but rectangular.

Figure 7b shows the line intensity of the N₂ second positive system (C³Π–B³Π) along the x direction. This horizontally scanned emission intensity was recorded at the vertical location of 50 µm under the tip (y = −50 µm). The highest line intensity is observed at the location around −75 and 75 µm in the x direction. As seen in the horizontal scan, there are two more central peaks, which again represent the local plasma near the left and right sides of the tips. For example, for N₂ emission at 337 nm, these two peaks appear at −30 and 35 µm. As this scan was performed under the tip, it also confirms that the plasma is not located on the top of the tip but engulfs the tip, as seen in Figure 2c. The insert images in Figure 7a,b show the scan directions in the plasma, which can illustrate the changes in intensity clearly.

It was observed that the emission spectrum with a shorter wavelength, generated from the higher energy state, is more central compared to that with a longer wavelength. This indicates the temperature gradient within the plasma core. To be able to understand this further, a spatially resolved vibrational temperature of N₂ molecules, $T_{vib}^{N_2}$, was evaluated using two vibronic transitions. Emissions from the NO (A²Σ–X²Π) or N₂ second positive system (C³Π–B³Π) can be used to evaluate the temperature. It was decided to use the N₂ second positive system (C³Π–B³Π) for three reasons: (1) the signals of NO (A²Σ–X²Π) (1–0) and (0–0) are very weak; (2) NO is only present at a very small zone (see Figure 4b); (3) more importantly, the NO (A²Σ–X²Π) (0–0) transition is coupled with the electronic ground state, which means a significant absorption from the plasma may occur.

The spectra of the N₂ second positive system are widely used in air plasma diagnostics as they enable the determination of vibrational temperature, $T_{vib}^{N_2}$. It is worth noting that the $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ usually returns higher values than the rotational temperature, T_rot, method [32]; however, the trend of the $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ is valid [33]. It is useful for spatially resolved temperature measurement studies to include the $T_{vib}^{N_2}$. This is to indicate the spatial locations of the higher and lower temperate values to produce an indicative temperature profile. The light intensity at a certain wavelength is proportional to the population of gas molecules corresponding to a particular transition. It is expressed as follows:

$$I_{\lambda }\propto {\lambda }^{-4}·N_v·FCF$$

(1)

where I_λ represents the intensity at wavelength, λ; N_ν is the population of N₂ molecules corresponding to the ν state; FCF is the Franck–Condon factor. It is common practice to satisfy the local thermal equilibrium (LTE) condition to characterize the entire plasma by a single temperature value. When the plasma has not reached thermalization, then the plasma temperature is not the same at all locations and at every time. In such a case, the plasma cannot be characterized by a single temperature value.

For non-thermal plasma, the local thermal equilibrium (LTE) condition is not satisfied in the entire plasma. This is because the plasma temperature is not the same at all locations and at all times. In this study, a tiny area, 19.6 µm², was spectroscopically analyzed at a fixed sampling time. The fixed sampling time was set at 2 s, which is significantly higher than the state relaxation time, capturing the variation in the state density [34]. We will see later that each section will yield a different $T_{vib}^{N_2}$.

To obtain $T_{vib}^{N_2}$, the relationship between the population distribution of gas molecules and vibrational temperature is written as:

$$N_{\nu }\propto e^{-\frac{E_{\nu }}{k_B{T}_{vib}} }$$

(2)

where E_ν represents the energy of the vibronic state with ν quantum number; k_B is Boltzmann constant.

Applying Equation (2) for ν = 0 and ν = 1 in the N₂ second positive system (C³Π–B³Π) and solving for temperature yields:

$$T_{N_2}^{vib}=\frac{E_{v_2}-E_{v_1}}{k_B}{\left[\ln \left(\frac{I_{{\lambda }_1}{\lambda }_1^{4}FC{F}_{{\lambda }_2}}{I_{{\lambda }_2}{\lambda }_2^{4}FC{F}_{{\lambda }_1}}\right)\right]}^{-1}$$

(3)

where I_λ1 and I_λ2 are the emission intensities of the transitions at λ₁ and λ₂; E_ν1 and E_ν2 are the energy of the upper energy levels; FCF is the Frank–Condon factor.

Using the appropriate values of λ₁, λ₂, E_ν1, E_ν2, FCF_λ1 and FCF_λ2, namely 337 nm, 316 nm, 88,957 cm⁻¹, 90,893 cm⁻¹, 0.455, and 0.388, respectively, Equation (3) is simplified to:

$$T_{N_2}^{vib}=\frac{2785}{0.11+ln\left(\frac{I_{\lambda =337}}{I_{\lambda =316}}\right)}$$

(4)

Equation (4) was used to evaluate the spatially resolved $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ in the x and y directions, as shown in Figure 7c,d. Due to the resolution of the spectrometer, the maximum number of recorded points within one transition is 20. Therefore, the wavelength associated with maximum intensity will not be captured accurately. This translates to a ~3% error in the maximum intensity of one given transition. Because of this, there will be a ~8% error on the evaluated $T_{vib}^{N_2}$.

As stated previously, the T_vib does not represent the plasma temperature, but T_rot does. This is because the rotational relaxation time for atmospheric pressure plasma is very fast [33]. Zhang et al. varied the plasma temperature in a quartz tube by changing the working pressure on N₂ gas. They measured both T_vib and T_rot at different pressure [35]. They found that the values of T_vib are ~eight times larger than T_rot, which is closely related to the plasma temperature. To obtain a meaningful measurement of the recorded $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ values, we scaled the $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ by a constant factor, eight, to reach a phenomenological plasma temperature (PPT).

Figure 7c,d show the derived $T_{vib}^{N_2}$and the PPT distributions along with the x and y directions using N₂ transition lines. To be specific, in the y direction, the highest $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ below the tip and above the tip appear at −50 and 80 μm, as 6800 and 5800 K, respectively. In the near-tip region of 0 to 50 μm, the $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ distribution is stable, around 3200 K. In the x direction, the $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ peak is at −65 μm. The outside two maxima, at the left and the right, represent the strong electric fields at the edge of the side of the tip. At the center of the tip, the $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ appears uniform.

To investigate the influence of the supplied power, Figure 8a,b show the relationship between the line intensity and the supplied power, recorded at x and y of 0 and 25 µm, respectively. The line intensity of the N₂ second positive system increases gradually with the supplied power. For example, at 50% of the maximum supplied power, the line intensity at 337 nm is around 1500 K, while this value approaches 4000 K when the supplied power increases to 80% of the maximum. This signal enhancement is contributed to the increased electric field, which generates an intense plasma and allows more N₂ species to be excited from the ground state to the higher energy state.

Figure 8c presents the effect of the supplied power on the $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ and PPT. Both $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ and PPT present a linear increasing trend with the increase in supplied power and reach the highest value of 3400 K when the supplied power is at 80% of the maximum. As mentioned in Equation (2), the population of N₂ in excited states is highly correlated to the $T_{vib}^{N_2}$. The dependence of $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ on supplied power provides evidence that a larger population of N₂ is excited under higher supplied power. In addition, because the intensity of N₂ lines is also proportional to the population of N₂ in excited states, a higher supplied power can lead to a higher line intensity and a higher $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ and PPT simultaneously, which is supported by the findings in Figure 8a,b.

The values of on the $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ and the PPT versus the air flow velocity, recorded at x and y of 0 and 25 µm, were investigated. Figure 9 shows the $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ as a function of the air velocity from 0 to 1.6 m∙s⁻¹. As shown in the figure, there is no significant correlation between the $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ and the velocity of the air flow. The $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ values, recorded at x and y of 0 and 25 µm, are maintained at approximately 3000 K under different air flow conditions. Therefore, the effect of air flow velocity on $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ and PPT can be neglected.

Figure 10 shows the line intensity of NO and its corresponding temperature along the x and y directions. In the x direction, a strong emission of NO is observed at the location of x = 0 µm, while in the y direction, NO emission increases in the near-tip region and quickly reaches the maximum at y = 22 µm. The FWHM of the signal profile is around 26 µm in both directions. It is worth noting that the location of the maximum NO proceeds the location of N₂ maxima by ~10 µm.

Although the direct measurement of the electron density in air plasmas is challenging, the spatial-resolved emission profile of the excited NO species can be used as an indication of electron density and to determine the discharge diameter [19,20]. Despite these findings, NO species may exist at a lower concentration below the detection limit in other parts of the plasma reactor or in a ground state or other system, not the A²Σ–X²Π system.

Additionally, the values of PPT at the location where NO was detected along the x and y direction are indicated by the black lines in Figure 10. The average values of PPT are around 433 K in both x and y directions. The similar emission profiles and PPT values imply that the excited NO population and the distribution of electron density are spatially symmetric. The peak temperature values measured represent the strong eclectic fields at the edge of the tip, which is consistent with the results shown in Figure 7c,d. The NO spatial distribution profiles indicate that the production radius of NO is ~13 μm. As the PPT is relatively constant, it suggests that the limiting factor is the presence of O atoms. The observed trends indicate that O atoms are consumed at y = ~26 μm.

4. Conclusions

The PlasmaShield^® Air Purification Device was experimentally evaluated using spatially resolved optical emission spectroscopy for the generation of reactive nitrogen species. The emission spectra were analyzed for vibrational transition lines along the x and y directions. The signals at 214, 226, 235, 245, and 256 nm are attributed to the NO–γ system (A²Σ–X²Π), while the line intensities observed at 296, 316, 337, 357, 380, 404, and 433 nm are assigned to the transition of N₂ second positive system (C³Π–B³Π). In addition, the ${\mathrm{N}}_2{}^{+}$ first negative system (B²Σ–X²Σ) is at 391, 419, and 427 nm. The highest line intensity of the N₂ system is at 337 nm with the location of y = −75 μm below the tip, while the highest intensity of NO is at 235 nm with y = 25 μm above the tip.

Two N₂ transition lines at 316 and 337 nm were used to determine the $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ in two dimensions. Two $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ peaks, namely 6800 and 5800 K, are observed below the tip and above the tip appearing at −50 and 80 μm, respectively. In the x direction, the peak temperature is 6600 K at −65 μm. The finding of higher values of T_vib with respect to T_rot is common for ionizing plasma [33,36]. By direct comparison, Zhang et al. has shown that the values of T_vib can reach eight times the values of T_rot [35].

Although the absolute value of the T_vib is higher than T_rot, it is still very important for spatially resolved studies, where 20 different values of $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ are measured within a length of 100 µm. The recorded $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ was converted to PPT as a meaningful measurement for the plasma chrematistics, which is useful in the absence of the high-resolution spectrometer required to resolve the rotational structure needed to measure the plasma temperature.

The effects of supplied power and air flow velocity on $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ were evaluated. An increase in power can lead to a stronger electric field, which allows more nitrogen species to be excited from the ground state to a higher energy state and results in a higher line intensity and $T_{vib}^{N_2}$ simultaneously, whereas air flow velocity does not impact the $T_{vib}^{N_2}$. The findings of this study indicate no detectable concentration of excited OH*, O*, and other radicals. The results obtained from this study can be used as a benchmark to correlate the plasma field generated by PlasmaShield^® and its performance.