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Article

Thermal Analysis and Crystallization of Bioactive Glass “1d” in the SiO2-CaO-MgO-P2O5-CaF2-Na2O Compositional System

by
Valentina Rigano
1,
Dilshat U. Tulyaganov
2,
Konstantinos Dimitriadis
3,
Simeon Agathopoulos
4 and
Francesco Baino
1,*
1
Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
2
Department of Natural-Mathematical Sciences, Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent, Tashkent 100095, Uzbekistan
3
Division of Dental Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
4
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040145
Submission received: 15 October 2025 / Revised: 22 November 2025 / Accepted: 24 November 2025 / Published: 26 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)
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Abstract

The crystallization behavior of the bioactive silicate glass “1d” was analyzed using non-isothermal conditions through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The plots carried out at different heating rates showed only one crystallization peak. The activation energy for crystallization was calculated through the equations proposed in the Kissinger and Matusita–Sakka models. The Johnson–Mehl–Avrami coefficient (n) was estimated by applying Ozawa and Augis–Bennet methods, resulting in a two-dimensional crystal growth. Crystalline phases which developed during high-temperature treatment were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The activation energy for viscous flow was estimated to be 513 kJ/mol, which is lower than the activation energy for crystallization (539 kJ/mol). The Malek test highlighted that the crystallization process was more complex than a simple nucleation-growth mechanism. The sinterability parameter and Hruby coefficient showed the high stability of 1d glass against crystallization, which makes this bioactive material highly appealing for producing well-sintered products of biomedical interest, such as bioactive porous scaffolds for bone regeneration.
Keywords: bioactive glass; glass-ceramic; thermal analysis; crystallization bioactive glass; glass-ceramic; thermal analysis; crystallization

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MDPI and ACS Style

Rigano, V.; Tulyaganov, D.U.; Dimitriadis, K.; Agathopoulos, S.; Baino, F. Thermal Analysis and Crystallization of Bioactive Glass “1d” in the SiO2-CaO-MgO-P2O5-CaF2-Na2O Compositional System. Ceramics 2025, 8, 145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040145

AMA Style

Rigano V, Tulyaganov DU, Dimitriadis K, Agathopoulos S, Baino F. Thermal Analysis and Crystallization of Bioactive Glass “1d” in the SiO2-CaO-MgO-P2O5-CaF2-Na2O Compositional System. Ceramics. 2025; 8(4):145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040145

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rigano, Valentina, Dilshat U. Tulyaganov, Konstantinos Dimitriadis, Simeon Agathopoulos, and Francesco Baino. 2025. "Thermal Analysis and Crystallization of Bioactive Glass “1d” in the SiO2-CaO-MgO-P2O5-CaF2-Na2O Compositional System" Ceramics 8, no. 4: 145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040145

APA Style

Rigano, V., Tulyaganov, D. U., Dimitriadis, K., Agathopoulos, S., & Baino, F. (2025). Thermal Analysis and Crystallization of Bioactive Glass “1d” in the SiO2-CaO-MgO-P2O5-CaF2-Na2O Compositional System. Ceramics, 8(4), 145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040145

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