Advances in Methods for Recovery of Ferrous, Alumina, and Silica Nanoparticles from Fly Ash Waste
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Properties and Applications of Fly Ash
2.1. Morphological Properties of Fly Ash
2.2. Elemental Properties of Fly Ash
2.3. Chemical Properties of Fly Ash
2.4. Physical Properties of Fly Ash
2.5. Applications of Fly Ash
3. Fly Ash Production and Utilization at a Glance in India
4. Fly Ash as a Source of Ferrous, Alumina and Silica
5. Ferrous Particles: Properties and Advances in Their Recovery Process from Fly Ash
5.1. Properties of Ferrous Particles Extracted from Fly Ash
5.2. Advances in the Recovery of Ferrous Particles from Fly Ash
6. Extraction and Synthesis of Alumina Nanoparticles from Fly Ash
6.1. Alkali-Based Extraction
6.2. Acid-Based Extraction
6.3. Acid-Alkali Based Extraction
6.4. Microbial Leaching of Alumina from Fly Ash
6.5. Properties and Applications of Alumina Nanoparticles
7. Synthesis of SiNPs from Fly Ash
7.1. Silica Extraction from Fly Ash by Chemical Method
7.2. Microbial Leaching of Silicon and Silica Syntheses from Fly Ash
7.3. Properties and Applications of SiNPs
8. Role of Nanotechnology: Nano adsorbents for Heavy Metal Removal
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Components | Bituminous | Subbituminous | Lignite |
---|---|---|---|
SiO2% | 20–60 | 40–60 | 15–45 |
Al2O3% | 5–35 | 20–30 | 10–25 |
Fe2O3% | 10–40 | 4–10 | 4–15 |
CaO% | 1–12 | 5–30 | 15–40 |
MgO% | 0–5 | 1–6 | 3–10 |
SO3% | 0–4 | 0–2 | 0–10 |
Na2O% | 0–4 | 0–2 | 0–6 |
K2O% | 0–3 | 0–4 | 0–4 |
Loss on ignition (LOI) % | 0–15 | 0–3 | 0–5 |
Authors | Ferrous Particles | Instruments | Impurities and Findings |
---|---|---|---|
Gomes et al. [129] | Magnetite | Scanning Electron Microscope-Electron Diffraction Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Mossbauer spectroscopy and Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) | Mg has substituted Fe in the spinel structure |
Bayukov et al. [35] | Mossbauer spectroscopy | Al, Mg and Ti were the major phases | |
Shoumkova et al. [118] | Studied the comparative properties of magnetic and non-magnetic fractions | ||
Olga et al. [40] | SEM-EDS | Ferrospheres of sizes 0.4 to 0.02 mm were recovered from high-calcium fly ash, SEM-EDS study | |
Feng and Gao [120] | Magnetite and hematite | SEM-EDX and ESEM analysis | Studied the microstructures of ferrospheres in fly ashes with their detailed SEM, EDX and ESEM analysis. |
Yadav and Fulekar [130] | Magnetite and hematite | TEM, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) | Reported the nanosized, magnetic particles in class F fly ash from Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. |
Fulekar and Yadav [50] | Magnetite, hematite | TEM, XRD, SEM-EDS, Raman, FTIR, VSM, PSA | Studied the morphological, elemental and mineralogical properties of class F fly ash |
Fulekar and Yadav [50] | Synthesized: Ferrous carbonate, Magnetite, Hematite, magnetite | TEM, XRD, SEM-EDS, Raman, FTIR, PSA | Synthesized ferrous carbonate, magnetite, maghemite and hematite by using extracted ferrous particles with high purity. |
Authors/References | Operating Conditions | Leaching Agent | Product | Findings | Efficiency % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Park et al. [145] | CFA with ammonia in water at controlled pH followed by successive crystallization | NH4Al (SO4)2 | Alumina/alum | Alumina derived from the microwave assisted derived alum was finer powder with a high surface area | - |
Su, S. et al.; Su, Yang [136] | Alkali- dissolution process | Ultrafine aluminum hydroxide | 2 steps:
| ~89% | |
Huiquan Li et al. [137] | Mixed-alkaline hydrothermal method | Alumina leaching was done by mixed hydroxides of NaOH and Ca(OH)2 through the hydrothermal methods | Alumina | Al leaching was seen with increased temperature, calcium–silicon ratio and solid–liquid ratio. | 91.3% (optimized conditions) |
Wang et al. [146] | NH4HSO4 Roasting technology | Aluminum hydroxide, Alumina | A two-step procedure in the first step Al and Fe was extracted while in the second step leached Al and Fe was precipitated with NH4HCO3 solution | - | |
Wang et al. [146] | Ammonium hydrogen sulfate roasting technology | Alumina | Studied thermodynamics and kinetics of alumina extraction from fly ash. It was achieved when the CFA: ammonium hydrogen sulfate ratio was 1:8 mole at 673 K for 60 min | 90.5% (optimized conditions) |
Authors/References | Operating Conditions | Leaching Agent | Product | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
Matjie et al. [138] | Mixing CFA with CaO and then calcinated at 1000–1200 °C | CaO, sulphuric acid | First calcium aluminate, Second alumina | Firstly, calcium aluminate was produced, further treated with sulphuric acid, and ~85% Al was extracted |
Nayak and Panda 2010 [147] | Sulphuric acid based extraction of alumina and leaching behaviors from the fly ash collected | Sulphuric acid | Alumina | Reported: Not possible to get high recovery of alumina by direct acid leaching at low acid concentration and ambient temperature. Higher extraction of alumina is possible only at a higher solid: liquid ratio. Leaching of metals also depends on the nature of leaching medium, solid: liquid ratio, temperature and leaching time. |
Shi et al. [149] | Sulphuric acid | Coarse alumina nanoparticles | Al extraction rate-87% | |
Bai et al. [150] | Thermal decomposition—Fly ash + concentrated sulphuric acid and calcined at 300 °C, due to this, most of alumina is converted to aluminum sulfate | Sulphuric acid | Alumina Aluminum sulfate | Al extraction up to 85% |
Wu et al. [151] | concentrated sulphuric acid + along with pressure | Alumina | Reported effect of coal size, reaction time and temperature on the Al leaching from fly ash. Pressure as well as smaller size have positive effects on the Al extraction. Al extraction efficiency was 82.4% under optimal conditions. | |
Shemi et al. [152] | Al extraction by 6 M sulphuric acid by using acetylacetone in the gas phase. Temp: 250 °C for 6 h for optimum yields | Acetylacetone | Alumina | Application of acetylacetone in gas phase for alumina extraction. |
Fulekar and Yadav [50] | Al extraction by 4–8 M using sulphuric acid. Temp: 125 °C for 90 min with stirring | Sulphuric acid | Alumina, Aluminum sulfate Aluminum hydroxides | Aluminum extraction was 40%. Obtained mixtures of alumina, aluminum sulfate and aluminum hydroxides with low Al content—i.e., below 15%. |
Authors/References | Operating Conditions | Fungus Used | Product | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
Xu and Ting [165] | Citric acid, Gluconic acid | Aspergillus niger | Al in the medium | Reported that the optimal parameters for bioleaching of metals by varying CFA pulp density, spore concentration, sucrose concentration and time of addition of CFA. Leaching of Al and Fe was 12.3 ppm, which was far lower than the Zn, which was 77.6 ppm. The responsible acids for the leaching were citric acid and gluconic acid. |
Xu and Ting [166] | Aspergillusniger | Al in the medium | Showed that the leaching concentration of metals was directly related to the citric acid productions. | |
Fulekar and Yadav [50] | Citric acid | Aspergillus niger | Al, Al2(SO4)3 | Showed that the lesser yield of alumina present in mixtures of alumina, aluminum sulfate and Al(OH)3 |
Authors/References | Operating Conditions | Leaching Agent | Product | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
Falayi et al. [180] | Optimum leaching parameters were time 6 h, Molarity of KOH = 3M, rpm 500, 25 S/L ratio, temperature: 100 °C | Leaching of silica by KOH | silica leachate | Found the optimal conditions of silica leaching for time, temperature, molarity of KOH |
Wang et al. [144] | Concentrated NaOH | Studied the kinetics of silica and alumina leaching from the extracted slag of fly ash. Studied the effect of leaching temperature, stirring speed and mass ratio of NaOH to SiO2, on silica leaching rate. The silica leaching was 95.6% under the optimized conditions | ||
Piekos and Paslawska [181] | Distilled water, sea water, synthetic sea water with the variable ratios of water and fly ash | Leaching of assimilable silicon species from fly ash | ||
Fulekar and Yadav [50] | Temp: 90–95 °C Time: 90 min Stirring: 300–500 rpm | 4–16 M NaOH | Clustered silica nanoparticles | Amorphous, nanosilica, aggregated to form a cluster of size 20–80 nm with 90–97% purity |
Authors | Operating Conditions | Leaching Agent | Product | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
Zhan et al. [187] | Muco-polysaccharides | Soluble silica in the medium | Studied the leaching of silica from the bauxite ores by individual bacteria as well as in co-operation. | |
Mixed culture leached more silica from the solution in comparison to the individual. | ||||
Khan et al. [188] | Synthesized silica nanoparticles from fly ash by using fungus F. oxysporum. | |||
The purity of the biologically synthesized silica was up to 40% only with more than 50% as carbon | ||||
Fulekar and Yadav [50] | Incubation at required temperatures | F. oxysporum: oxalic acid B. circulans—EPS, MPS | Synthesized amorphous 30–80 nm, aggregated, clustered silica nanoparticles using F. oxysporum supernatant and sodium silicate from fly ash | |
Synthesized amorphous 60–120 nm porous nanosheets by using B. circulans supernatant and sodium silicate from fly ash |
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Yadav, V.K.; Fulekar, M.H. Advances in Methods for Recovery of Ferrous, Alumina, and Silica Nanoparticles from Fly Ash Waste. Ceramics 2020, 3, 384-420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics3030034
Yadav VK, Fulekar MH. Advances in Methods for Recovery of Ferrous, Alumina, and Silica Nanoparticles from Fly Ash Waste. Ceramics. 2020; 3(3):384-420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics3030034
Chicago/Turabian StyleYadav, Virendra Kumar, and Madhusudan Hiraman Fulekar. 2020. "Advances in Methods for Recovery of Ferrous, Alumina, and Silica Nanoparticles from Fly Ash Waste" Ceramics 3, no. 3: 384-420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics3030034