Chemical Preparation Routes and Lowering the Sintering Temperature of Ceramics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Production of Fine Powders
2.1. Physical Techniques
2.2. Chemical Routes
2.2.1. Oxides
- (i)
- The elements which establish covalent bonds, called gel or glass former (Si, P, Ge, Al, etc.) [1], form ‘molecular’ moieties—in other words, ‘polymerize’.
- (ii)
- The elements which remain as ‘isolated’ ions; they can remain dissolved in the ‘solvent’ and/or adsorbed on the surface, external surface of the artefact and internal surface of the pores of the ‘precipitate’; for instance, Na+, K+, Li+, Ca2+, etc.
2.2.2. Carbides, Nitrides, etc.
3. Optimization of the Grain–Grain Contact
3.1. Compaction and (Viscous) Liquid Routes
3.2. Additives
3.3. Anisotropy Control
4. Grain–Grain Reaction and Densification
4.1. Liquid-Phase Sintering: Dissolution and Precipitation
4.2. Deprotonation and Phase Transition
4.3. Diffusion
5. Control/Optimization of Structure and Properties
5.1. Multicomponent Non-Stoichiometric Compounds
5.2. Composites (Particulate, Fibers, Metal/Oxides)
5.3. Tools/Requirements for Minimizing the Temperature of Full Densification
5.4. Complex Electrochemical Devices
6. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composition | Reagents | References |
---|---|---|
Silica | Ludox® Alkoxides | Iller [68], Roy [102] Phalippou et al. [81] Dunn & Zink [101] |
Alumina | Alkoxide | Colomban [96] |
Aluminates (β alumina) Ytrium aluminate | Alkoxide + Na/K ions PVA/EG routes | Colomban [100,103,104,105] Gülgun et al. [125] |
Aluminosilicates Cordierite Leucite | Alkoxide mixture or Al-O-Si alkoxide Pechini resin/PVA “Geopolymers” | Yoldas [57] Colomban [97] Lee and Kriven [126] Bell et al. [72,73] |
Na/Li aluminosilicates | See above + Na/Li/K/Ba/Ca ions | Perthuis et al. [17,106], Bruneton et al. [107] Colomban and Lapous [108] |
Zirconia/Ceria | Alkoxide | Mazdiyasni [59] Bruneton and Colomban [98] Kosacki et al. (2002) [131,132] |
Zirconates/Titanates BaTiO3 | Alkoxides + ions Ethylene glycol (EG) | Snow [64], Colomban [2,65], Nagata et al. [109] Lee et al. [127] |
NASICON Na/Li zircon-phospho-silicates | Alkoxides + ions | Perthuis and Colomban [99] Bouquin et al. [14] |
Composites reinforced with nanoparticles, fibers, textiles | Alkoxides + salts | Vendange and Colomban [110], Vendange et al. [111] Mouchon and Colomban [112], Karlin and Colomban [113], Colomban and Wey [114] |
Silicon carbides * | Silanes Polycarbosilanes | McDiarmid [115], Corriu [124] Tanaka and Kurachi [116], Okamura et al. [117] Colomban [118] Hasegawa et al. [128] Burns et al. [129] Naslain [133] Bayya et al. [130] Shin and Tanaka [136], |
Silicon nitrides * Oxides from polymer precursors (zircon, mullite, zirconia, etc.) | Polysilazanes Polyorganoboro- Silazanes, etc. Polysilsequioxanes | Durham et al. [119], Kroke et al. [120], Bill and Aldinger [32], Riedel et al. [33], Cooke [121], Bill et al. [122], Onbattuvelli and Atre [123] Parcianello et al. [135] Parcianello et al. [134] |
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Colomban, P. Chemical Preparation Routes and Lowering the Sintering Temperature of Ceramics. Ceramics 2020, 3, 312-339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics3030029
Colomban P. Chemical Preparation Routes and Lowering the Sintering Temperature of Ceramics. Ceramics. 2020; 3(3):312-339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics3030029
Chicago/Turabian StyleColomban, Philippe. 2020. "Chemical Preparation Routes and Lowering the Sintering Temperature of Ceramics" Ceramics 3, no. 3: 312-339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics3030029