Systems Engineering Methodology for Designing Digital Public–Private Partnership Platforms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Identify and analyze the current problems and shortcomings of PPP mechanisms;
- Provide an analysis of the concepts of the DP and form a definition of a DP for PPP;
- Develop a framework for implementing a DP for PPP based on the SE practices;
- Define a range of interested parties engaging in the implementation of joint projects using SE practices to revealing stakeholders and their needs;
- Reveal and present the key interests of stakeholders in a PPP on diagrams;
- Determine the challenges for further research work.
2. Definitions and Methods
2.1. Mechanism of Public–Private Partnerships: Opportunities to Use Digital Platform Solutions
- Projects are characterized by large scale, long periods of implementation and payback, high capital intensity, and lack of guarantees to the private investor for the long term;
- Lack of a regulatory framework for PPP projects at the level of potential recipients of funding;
- Poor quality of the presented results of the technological audit, which does not allow the assessment of whether the presented set of technologies in the project is optimal;
- Lack of trained personnel for the preparation of project documentation, its justification, and further implementation of PPP projects;
- Complexity of the evaluation of the quality of the project itself, its real effectiveness, as well as the determination and separation of risks and responsibilities between the state and the private investor.
- Conflict between the project goals (financial and social ones);
- Higher cost of capital and initially significantly inflated cost of projects;
- Complexity of holding tenders and negotiating PPP contracts compared to the traditional procurement process;
- Weak “flexibility” of PPP contracts in general;
- Difficulty in implementing the optimal risk distribution between the PPP project participants in practice;
- Likely high corruption component in PPP.
2.2. Digital Platforms
2.3. Methodology of Systems Engineering
- Analysis of stakeholders and determination of their needs;
- Determining the target system;
- Requirements engineering;
- Architectural design;
- Verification and validation.
- Form the foundation of the system requirements;
- Provide the basis for validation of the system and its acceptance by stakeholders;
- Serve as reference information within the integration and verification activities.
3. Results
- Partnership;
- Pre-project activities;
- Financing of operations;
- Performance control;
- Mass media and public relations.
4. Discussion
- Conflicts between the project goals can be avoided by identifying the needs of stakeholders and meeting them in the course of the implementation and operation of PPP projects;
- Problems of overvalued capital and the emergence of corruption schemes are solved through the involvement of regulatory and supervisory bodies in the platform;
- Complexity of tenders and PPP contract negotiation is simplified by the transparency of processes in digital platforms and their built-in mechanisms improving interactions between the parties.
5. Conclusions
- The paper contributes to the development of digital PPP tools through digital platforms. For this purpose, the concept of the DP has been proposed, for which important work has been done to identify a wide range of PPP stakeholders influencing the success of the project, as well as their needs. The aggregate needs (Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6) will allow the selection of the necessary set of tools for the DP. This approach will allow the design of the DP so that its participants benefit the most from satisfying their needs.
- Moreover, the results of this study contribute further to the development of PPP as an approach to the organization and implementation of major projects. It lies in the application of system engineering practices to expand the understanding of PPP stakeholders in projects. The paper proposes identifying PPP parties to determine their needs and to create harmonized requirements for the project and its results. At all stages of the project’s lifecycle, these requirements need to be taken into account, and the proposed solutions need to be checked for consistency with them. The digital platform is designed to support this work.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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The Concept of the DP | Definition |
---|---|
Multilateral Platform | Mediation of various user groups, including buyers and sellers |
Multilateral Markets | Uniting individual groups in one platform, where the value of a group grows as the number of participants in other groups increases |
Direct Network External Factors | The value of the platform depends on the number of users in one group of users |
Indirect Network External Factors | The value of the platform depends on the number of users in another group of users |
Digital platform (technical point of view) | Expandable codebase where additional third-party modules can be added |
Digital platform (sociotechnical point of view) | Technical elements (software and hardware) and related organizational processes and standards |
Ecosystem (technical point of view) | A set of add-ons (apps) to the main technical platform, mostly provided by third-party organizations |
Ecosystem (organizational point of view) | A set of enterprises interacting to achieve the goal |
Applications | Executable pieces of software offered to end-users as applications, services, or systems |
Direction | Interested Parties |
---|---|
Suppliers, contractors | Manufacturers of industrial equipment |
Developers | |
Contracting organizations | |
Construction organizations | |
Financial intermediaries | National banks |
Securities issuers | |
Central Bank | |
International development banks | |
World Bank structures in Russia | |
Transnational banks | |
Insurance and reinsurance companies | |
Leasing companies | |
Design organizations | Design services |
Research and development institutions | |
Architecture and urban planning authorities | |
Supervisory bodies | Environmental regulators |
State Fire Authority | |
Monitoring services | |
Federal Antitrust Service | |
Federal Tax Service | |
Accounts Chamber | |
The authorities that regulate import/export of participants of foreign economic activity | Federal Customs |
Expert assessment services | Legal services |
Assessment services | |
Users, consumers | Recipients of services/goods |
Users, consumers | |
Operating companies |
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Glukhikh, I.N.; Tolstolesova, L.A.; Arzikulov, O.A.u. Systems Engineering Methodology for Designing Digital Public–Private Partnership Platforms. Appl. Syst. Innov. 2021, 4, 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4010004
Glukhikh IN, Tolstolesova LA, Arzikulov OAu. Systems Engineering Methodology for Designing Digital Public–Private Partnership Platforms. Applied System Innovation. 2021; 4(1):4. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4010004
Chicago/Turabian StyleGlukhikh, Igor Nikolaevich, Liudmila Anatolevna Tolstolesova, and Otabek Anzor ugli Arzikulov. 2021. "Systems Engineering Methodology for Designing Digital Public–Private Partnership Platforms" Applied System Innovation 4, no. 1: 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4010004
APA StyleGlukhikh, I. N., Tolstolesova, L. A., & Arzikulov, O. A. u. (2021). Systems Engineering Methodology for Designing Digital Public–Private Partnership Platforms. Applied System Innovation, 4(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4010004