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Article

Assessing the Robustness of Cluster Solutions in Emotionally-Annotated Pictures Using Monte-Carlo Simulation Stabilized K-Means Algorithm

by
Marko Horvat
1,*,
Alan Jović
2 and
Kristijan Burnik
3
1
Department of Applied Computing, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Unska 3, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
2
Department of Electronics, Microelectronics, Computer and Intelligent Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Unska 3, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
3
Independent Researcher, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Andreas Holzinger
Mach. Learn. Knowl. Extr. 2021, 3(2), 435-452; https://doi.org/10.3390/make3020022
Received: 31 March 2021 / Revised: 30 April 2021 / Accepted: 1 May 2021 / Published: 4 May 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Data)
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Abstract

Clustering is a very popular machine-learning technique that is often used in data exploration of continuous variables. In general, there are two problems commonly encountered in clustering: (1) the selection of the optimal number of clusters, and (2) the undecidability of the affiliation of border data points to neighboring clusters. We address both problems and describe how to solve them in application to affective multimedia databases. In the experiment, we used the unsupervised learning algorithm k-means and the Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS) dataset, which contains 1356 semantically and emotionally annotated pictures. The optimal number of centroids was estimated, using the empirical elbow and silhouette rules, and validated using the Monte-Carlo simulation approach. Clustering with k = 1–50 centroids is reported, along with dominant picture keywords and descriptive statistical parameters. Affective multimedia databases, such as the NAPS, have been specifically designed for emotion and attention experiments. By estimating the optimal cluster solutions, it was possible to gain deeper insight into affective features of visual stimuli. Finally, a custom software application was developed for study in the Python programming language. The tool uses the scikit-learn library for the implementation of machine-learning algorithms, data exploration and visualization. The tool is freely available for scientific and non-commercial purposes. View Full-Text
Keywords: multimedia; clustering; k-means; Monte-Carlo simulation; cluster distribution; emotion; affective computing multimedia; clustering; k-means; Monte-Carlo simulation; cluster distribution; emotion; affective computing
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Horvat, M.; Jović, A.; Burnik, K. Assessing the Robustness of Cluster Solutions in Emotionally-Annotated Pictures Using Monte-Carlo Simulation Stabilized K-Means Algorithm. Mach. Learn. Knowl. Extr. 2021, 3, 435-452. https://doi.org/10.3390/make3020022

AMA Style

Horvat M, Jović A, Burnik K. Assessing the Robustness of Cluster Solutions in Emotionally-Annotated Pictures Using Monte-Carlo Simulation Stabilized K-Means Algorithm. Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction. 2021; 3(2):435-452. https://doi.org/10.3390/make3020022

Chicago/Turabian Style

Horvat, Marko, Alan Jović, and Kristijan Burnik. 2021. "Assessing the Robustness of Cluster Solutions in Emotionally-Annotated Pictures Using Monte-Carlo Simulation Stabilized K-Means Algorithm" Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction 3, no. 2: 435-452. https://doi.org/10.3390/make3020022

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