Utilization of Drinking Water Treatment Sludge as Cement Replacement to Mitigate Alkali–Silica Reaction in Cement Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Mix Compositions and Mortar Preparation
2.3. Compressive Strength Test
2.4. Flexural Strength Test
2.5. Water Sorptivity Test
2.6. Accelerated ASR Test
3. Results
3.1. Compressive and Flexural Strength
3.2. Water Sorptivity
3.3. ASR Assessment
3.3.1. Visual Observation of Cracking under Accelerated ASR Test
3.3.2. Expansion under Accelerated ASR Test
3.3.3. UPV changes under accelerated ASR test
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of the Calcined DWTS on Mechanical Properties
4.2. Effect of the Calcined DWTS on Durability Performance
4.3. Effect of the Calcined DWTS on Mitigating ASR
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The compressive strength and flexural strength of the mortars were improved when no more than 10% of the cement was replaced by the calcined DWTS in the composite. The optimal mix was 10% replacement, where the highest compressive strength and flexural strength of mortar were achieved.
- (2)
- The calcined DWTS was found to decrease the water capillary absorption of the mortars due to the large and open pores of the composites being confined by extra C-S-H formation from the pozzolanic reaction of the calcined DWTS. This confirms that inclusion of calcined DWTS could improve the durability of cementitious material.
- (3)
- Incorporating calcined DWTS into cementitious materials was able to mitigate the ASR effect. A 20% replacement of cement with the calcined DWTS appeared to successfully prevent ASR occurrence. The ASR mitigation mechanisms could be attributed to the formation of secondary C-S-H, the consumption of CH, the silica dissolution control by aluminium, and the reduction of permeability.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Analysis (wt%) | GPC | Untreated DWTS | Calcined DWTS |
---|---|---|---|
Al2O3 | 3.57 | 28.27 | 47.68 |
SiO2 | 20.78 | 26.43 | 31.11 |
Fe2O3 | 3.99 | 7.66 | 4.94 |
CaO | 61.8 | 5.36 | 4.32 |
K2O | 0.82 | 1.23 | 0.97 |
MgO | 2.65 | 1.11 | 0.96 |
CuO | - | 0.71 | 0.29 |
S/SO3 | 2.82 | 0.48 | 3.39 |
Na2O | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.19 |
LOI | 3.26 | 29.5 | 6.15 |
Specimen Notation | Cement (g) | Calcined DWTS (g) | Glass Sand (g) |
---|---|---|---|
M0 | 440 | 0 | 990 |
M5 | 418 | 22 | 990 |
M10 | 396 | 44 | 990 |
M20 | 352 | 88 | 990 |
Specimen Notation | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Flexural Strength (MPa) |
---|---|---|
M0 | 35 (±3.8) | 5.41 (±0.11) |
M5 | 44 (±1.9) | 5.82 (±0.29) |
M10 | 46 (±5.5) | 6.18 (±0.51) |
M20 | 33 (±2.8) | 5.56 (±0.22) |
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Duan, W.; Zhuge, Y.; Pham, P.N.; W. K. Chow, C.; Keegan, A.; Liu, Y. Utilization of Drinking Water Treatment Sludge as Cement Replacement to Mitigate Alkali–Silica Reaction in Cement Composites. J. Compos. Sci. 2020, 4, 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040171
Duan W, Zhuge Y, Pham PN, W. K. Chow C, Keegan A, Liu Y. Utilization of Drinking Water Treatment Sludge as Cement Replacement to Mitigate Alkali–Silica Reaction in Cement Composites. Journal of Composites Science. 2020; 4(4):171. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040171
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuan, Weiwei, Yan Zhuge, Phuong Ngoc Pham, Christopher W. K. Chow, Alexandra Keegan, and Yue Liu. 2020. "Utilization of Drinking Water Treatment Sludge as Cement Replacement to Mitigate Alkali–Silica Reaction in Cement Composites" Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 4: 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040171