Synthesis and Characterization of Graphite Composite Foams for Oil Spill Recovery Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Part
2.1. Synthesis of Composite Silicone Foams
2.2. Morphological Analysis
2.3. Sorption Capacity Tests
3. Sorption Kinetics Models
- pseudo-first order (PFO) model
- pseudo-second order (PSO) model
- Elovich model
3.1. Pseudo-First Order Kinetic Model
3.2. Pseudo-Second Order Kinetic Model
3.3. Elovich Model
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Morphological Analysis
4.2. Sorption Performances
4.3. Kinetic Modeling
5. Conclusions
- By increasing the EG amount, the foams’ absorption capacity was reduced.
- The 3-EGF foam exhibited the highest sorption uptake, in particular in light oils (854 and 1016 wt.% in kerosene and virgin naphtha, respectively). This result is attributed to its larger pore size (1.25 mm vs. 0.59 mm for 3-EGF and 7-EGF, respectively), and consequently its lower density.
- The small pore diameter of 7-EGF did not allow the polluting oil to fill the entire available foam volume.
- In heavy oils the recovery performance was maintained below 250 wt.% (240 and 157 wt.% in crude oil and pump oil, respectively). In fact, the high viscosity of the heavy oils hindered the oil entry into the pores.
- Moreover, the silicone composite hydrophobicity (114 wt.%) allowed for sufficient oil selectivity and oil/water efficiency reaching values above seven for kerosene and virgin naphtha.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Code | Siloxane | Solvent | Catalyst | Filler | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PDMS (wt.%) | PMHS (wt.%) | Ethanol (wt.%) | Water (wt.%) | Sn(II)-EH (wt.%) | EG (wt.%) | |
0-EGF | 47.6 | 23.8 | 4.8 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 0 |
3-EGF | 45.0 | 22.5 | 4.5 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 3.5 |
5-EGF | 45.0 | 22.5 | 4.5 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 5.5 |
7-EGF | 45.0 | 22.5 | 4.5 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 7.0 |
- | Pump Oil | Crude Oil | Kerosene | Virgin Naphtha | Water |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ρ(kg/m3) | 858 | 890 | 780 | 630 | 1000 |
µ(Pa · s) | 0.1231 | 0.2710 | 0.0019 | 0.0012 | 0.0010 |
- | Sorption Rate | Sorption Capacity | Constants |
---|---|---|---|
Pseudo-first Order | K1 (s−1) | ||
Pseudo-second Order | K2 (g·mg−1·s−1) | ||
Elovich | α (mg·g−1·s−1) β (mg·g−1) |
Sample | PS (mm) | ρa (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|
0-EGF | 1.75 | 280.3 |
3-EGF | 1.25 | 309.4 |
5-EGF | 1.20 | 339.6 |
7-EGF | 0.59 | 531.4 |
Adsorption Liquid | 0-EGF (wt.%) | 3-EGF (wt.%) | 5-EGF (wt.%) | 7-EGF (wt.%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Water | 115 ± 3 | 114 ± 2 | 98 ± 3.0 | 94 ± 5.0 |
Kerosene | 544 ± 4 | 854 ± 4 | 796 ± 5 | 700 ± 12.5 |
Virgin Naphtha | 726 ± 4 | 1016 ± 5 | 911 ± 4 | 772 ± 13.2 |
Crude Oil | 155 ± 3 | 240 ± 2 | 200 ± 2 | 177 ± 9.0 |
Pump Oil | 119 ± 3 | 157 ± 3 | 131 ± 2 | 101 ± 4.3 |
Adsorption Liquid | Pseudo-First Order | Pseudo-Second Order | Elovich | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water | qe | 1073.99 | qe | 1160.66 | Omega | 0.00278 |
K1 | 0.0060 | K2 | 9.974 × 10−6 | alpha | 18.538 | |
h0,1 | 6.465 | h0,2 | 13.437 | Re | 0.336 | |
R2 | 0.939 | R2 | 0.998 | R2 | 0.969 | |
Kerosene | qe | 7804.433 | qe | 5428.224 | Omega | 0.00085 |
K1 | 0.0189 | K2 | 8.149 × 10−6 | alpha | 354.882 | |
h0,1 | 147.390 | h0,2 | 240.123 | Re | 0.217 | |
R2 | 0.705 | R2 | 0.999 | R2 | 0.9511 | |
Virgin Naphtha | qe | 6983.01 | qe | 7327.496 | Omega | 0.000488 |
K1 | 0.01470 | K2 | 2.242 × 10−5 | alpha | 308.691 | |
h0,1 | 102.649 | h0,2 | 1204.247 | Re | 0.267 | |
R2 | 0.824 | R2 | 0.998 | R2 | 0.9294 | |
Crude oil | qe | 4058.10872 | qe | 1606.2186 | Omega | 0.002630 |
K1 | 0.0340 | K2 | 0.00033 | alpha | 197.043 | |
h0,1 | 138.343 | h0,2 | 849.520 | Re | 0.206 | |
R2 | 0.728 | R2 | 0.999 | R2 | 0.759 | |
Pump Oil | qe | 773.096 | qe | 1199.678 | Omega | 0.00590 |
K1 | 0.0125 | K2 | 5.071 × 10−5 | alpha | 613.967 | |
h0,1 | 9.654 | h0,2 | 72.985 | Re | 0.143 | |
R2 | 0.745 | R2 | 0.999 | R2 | 0.769 |
Adsorption Liquid | Pseudo-First Order | Pseudo-Second Order | Elovich | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water | qe | 84.56 | qe | 120.25 | Omega | 0.0343 |
K1 | 0.0040 | K2 | 8.735 × 10−5 | alpha | 2.4657 | |
h0,1 | 0.3395 | h0,2 | 1.2633 | Re | 0.3026 | |
R2 | 0.821 | R2 | 0.999 | R2 | 0.934 | |
Kerosene | qe | 580.04 | qe | 748.31 | Omega | 0.0058 |
K1 | 0.0090 | K2 | 0.00028 | alpha | 63.479 | |
h0,1 | 5.2477 | h0,2 | 157.282 | Re | 0.201 | |
R2 | 0.886 | R2 | 0.999 | R2 | 0.820 | |
Virgin Naphtha | qe | 276.66 | qe | 1013.41 | Omega | 0.0086 |
K1 | 0.0060 | K2 | 2.841 × 10−5 | alpha | 1707.177 | |
h0,1 | 1.6771 | h0,2 | 29.181 | Re | 0.1187 | |
R2 | 0.359 | R2 | 0.999 | R2 | 0.4683 | |
Crude oil | qe | 145.99 | qe | 238.87 | Omega | 0.0173 |
K1 | 0.0116 | K2 | 0.000106 | alpha | 19.413 | |
h0,1 | 1.700 | h0,2 | 6.0310 | Re | 0.2693 | |
R2 | 0.764 | R2 | 0.998 | R2 | 0.7896 | |
Pump Oil | qe | 42.05 | qe | 154.35 | Omega | 0.2174 |
K1 | 0.0044 | K2 | 0.000157 | alpha | 3.10 × 1011 | |
h0,1 | 0.1855 | h0,2 | 3.7482 | Re | 0.0320 | |
R2 | 0.361 | R2 | 0.999 | R2 | 0.229 |
Adsorption Liquid | Pseudo-First Order | Pseudo-Second Order | Elovich | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water | qe | 98.857 | qe | 102.24 | Omega | 0.0384 |
K1 | 0.007 | K2 | 0.00053 | alpha | 3.3306 | |
h0,1 | 0.653 | h0,2 | 5.523 | Re | 0.2605 | |
R2 | 0.954 | R2 | 0.996 | R2 | 0.968 | |
Kerosene | qe | 562.537 | qe | 772.5942 | Omega | 0.0063 |
K1 | 0.006 | K2 | 6.543 × 10−5 | alpha | 46.461 | |
h0,1 | 3.633 | h0,2 | 39.0581 | Re | 0.210 | |
R2 | 0.960 | R2 | 0.999 | R2 | 0.990 | |
Virgin Naphtha | qe | 540.575 | qe | 897.0989 | Omega | 0.0058 |
K1 | 0.0093 | K2 | 0.000135 | alpha | 98.1594 | |
h0,1 | 5.0479 | h0,2 | 108.7349 | Re | 0.1951 | |
R2 | 0.874 | R2 | 0.999 | R2 | 0.916 | |
Crude oil | qe | 129.403 | qe | 200.420 | Omega | 0.0306 |
K1 | 0.0048 | K2 | 6.410 × 10−5 | alpha | 17.525 | |
h0,1 | 0.627 | h0,2 | 2.575 | Re | 0.183 | |
R2 | 0.782 | R2 | 0.997 | R2 | 0.917 | |
Pump Oil | qe | 47.843 | qe | 126.1734 | Omega | 0.0941 |
K1 | 0.008 | K2 | 0.0015 | alpha | 4863.059 | |
h0,1 | 0.3832 | h0,2 | 24.5413 | Re | 0.0834 | |
R2 | 0.818 | R2 | 0.999 | R2 | 0.949 |
Adsorption Liquid | Pseudo-First Order | Pseudo-Second Order | Elovich | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water | qe | 81.926 | qe | 96.9305 | Omega | 0.0533 |
K1 | 0.0035 | K2 | 6.504 × 10−5 | alpha | 1.567 | |
h0,1 | 0.2845 | h0,2 | 0.6111 | Re | 0.2554 | |
R2 | 0.899 | R2 | 0.995 | R2 | 0.934 | |
Kerosene | qe | 657.46 | qe | 701.9896 | Omega | 0.0053 |
K1 | 0.0120 | K2 | 5.584 × 10−5 | alpha | 25.206 | |
h0,1 | 7.9172 | h0,2 | 27.5199 | Re | 0.2720 | |
R2 | 0.957 | R2 | 0.999 | R2 | 0.9638 | |
Virgin Naphtha | qe | 258.6308 | qe | 749.1983 | Omega | 0.017805 |
K1 | 0.0071 | K2 | 0.00012 | alpha | 81789.43 | |
h0,1 | 1.8506 | h0,2 | 71.8545 | Re | 0.0761 | |
R2 | 0.6692 | R2 | 0.999 | R2 | 0.7495 | |
Crude oil | qe | 75.0781 | qe | 173.5510 | Omega | 0.0508 |
K1 | 0.0083 | K2 | 0.000525 | alpha | 353.114 | |
h0,1 | 0.6212 | h0,2 | 15.81438 | Re | 0.1158 | |
R2 | 0.732 | R2 | 0.999 | R2 | 0.7697 | |
Pump Oil | qe | 32.6895 | qe | 99.2060 | Omega | 0.174785 |
K1 | 0.0066 | K2 | 0.00065 | alpha | 258926.2 | |
h0,1 | 0.2148 | h0,2 | 6.4201 | Re | 0.0601 | |
R2 | 0.528 | R2 | 0.999 | R2 | 0.6215 |
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Brancato, V.; Piperopoulos, E.; Mastronardo, E.; Calabrese, L.; Milone, C.; Proverbio, E. Synthesis and Characterization of Graphite Composite Foams for Oil Spill Recovery Application. J. Compos. Sci. 2020, 4, 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040154
Brancato V, Piperopoulos E, Mastronardo E, Calabrese L, Milone C, Proverbio E. Synthesis and Characterization of Graphite Composite Foams for Oil Spill Recovery Application. Journal of Composites Science. 2020; 4(4):154. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040154
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrancato, Vincenza, Elpida Piperopoulos, Emanuela Mastronardo, Luigi Calabrese, Candida Milone, and Edoardo Proverbio. 2020. "Synthesis and Characterization of Graphite Composite Foams for Oil Spill Recovery Application" Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 4: 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040154