Creep Behavior of Resin Matrix and Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) Plate at Elevated Temperatures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Test Setup and Test Procedure
2.3. Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA)
2.4. Interlaminar Shear Strength (ILSS) Test
2.5. Cross-Section Observation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Creep Behavior of the Resin Matrix
3.2. Creep Behavior of BFRP
3.3. Thermomechanical Properties of the Resin Matrix
3.4. Thermomechanical Properties of BFRP
3.5. Interface Performance Analysis
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- At elevated temperatures, the creep deformation is much larger than that at 25 °C. With combined loading and high temperature, when the strain reached the ultimate strain of 16%, the specimen would be subject to rupture failure. The creep behavior of the matrices performs completely differently for the cases of 80 °C and 120 °C; the first increased with time, first, and then gradually decreased, while the second increased continuously, due to the temperature before and after the glass transition temperature.
- (2)
- As the exposure temperatures exceeded the glass transition temperature of the BFRP specimens, the resin matrix attained sufficient mobility to transfer the stress to the fiber. Due to the unevenness of each bundle of fibers, the interior stress released, and irreversible damage occurred, which led to the interface between the fiber and resin matrix being damaged. Interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) degradation can be evaluated based on the tan delta of the resin matrix and the BFRP specimens.
- (3)
- Molecular chain scission and post-cure are independent processes. Sustained load is beneficial to post-curing for the epoxy resin, even though irreversible damage occurred between the basalt fiber and the epoxy resin.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fibers | Diameter (μm) | Tensile Strength (GPa) | Tensile Modulus (GPa) | Elongation at Break (%) | Service Temperature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basalt | 6~21 | 3.0~4.8 | 79.3~93.1 | 3.1 | 270 °C~700 °C |
E-glass | 6~21 | 3.1~3.8 | 72.5~75.5 | 4.7 | −50 °C~380 °C |
Temperatures | με (t = 0) | Με (t = 4 h) | Increasing before Stable Increase | Exposure Time at the Knee Point (s) | Strain Increment (με) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 °C | 499 | 679 | 37 | 0 | 180 |
80 °C | 485 | 3625 | 4642 | 1740 | 1017 |
120 °C | 491 | 154,300 | 135,100 | 2880 | 153,908 |
160 °C | 490 | - | - | - | - |
Temperatures | με (t = 0) | Με (t = 4 h) | Increasing before Stable Increase | Exposure Time at the Knee Point (s) | Strain Increment (με) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 °C | 9477 | 9608 | 92 | 1244 | 131 |
80 °C | 9197 | 9457 | 150 | 1349 | 260 |
120 °C | 9094 | 10,772 | 852 | 1337 | 1678 |
160 °C | 8566 | 10,041 | 1034 | 2072 | 1475 |
Specimens | Load Levels | 25 °C | 80 °C | 120 °C | 160 °C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Epoxy resin | 0 N | 5.78 × 10−3 | 5.56 × 10−3 | 5.53 × 10−3 | 5.78 × 10−3 |
10 N | 5.32 × 10−3 | 5.51 × 10−3 | 5.79 × 10−3 | - | |
BFRP | 0 N | 0.88 | 0.69 | 0.68 | 0.66 |
9500 N | 0.88 | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.61 |
Status | Temperature | tan δc | tan δm | Em (GPa) | Ec (GPa) | τmeasure (Mpa) | τcalc (Mpa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without loading | 80 °C | 0.0872 | 1.16 | 2.79 | 56.5 | 73.10 | 57.93 |
120 °C | 0.0809 | 1.163 | 2.80 | 57.6 | 63.54 | 63.48 | |
160 °C | 0.0802 | 1.143 | 3.00 | 56.4 | 62.74 | 65.94 | |
Loading | 80 °C | 0.0725 | 1.137 | 2.86 | 56.28 | 73.21 | 74.32 |
120 °C | 0.0919 | 1.168 | 2.80 | 58.03 | 61.68 | 53.91 | |
160 °C | 0.0963 | - | - | 53.06 | 58.24 | 41.71 |
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Lu, Z.; Xian, G.; Rashid, K. Creep Behavior of Resin Matrix and Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) Plate at Elevated Temperatures. J. Compos. Sci. 2017, 1, 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs1010003
Lu Z, Xian G, Rashid K. Creep Behavior of Resin Matrix and Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) Plate at Elevated Temperatures. Journal of Composites Science. 2017; 1(1):3. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs1010003
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Zhongyu, Guijun Xian, and Khuram Rashid. 2017. "Creep Behavior of Resin Matrix and Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) Plate at Elevated Temperatures" Journal of Composites Science 1, no. 1: 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs1010003