Prediction and Modelling with Taguchi, ANN and ANFIS of Optimum Machining Parameters in Drilling of Al 6082-T6 Alloy
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Workpiece, Cutting Tool, Machine Tool and Experimental Measurements
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Calculating S/N Ratios
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Surface Roughness
3.2. Cutting Temperature
3.3. Hole Diameter Error
3.4. Hole Circularity Error
3.5. Hole Cylindricity Error
3.6. Statistical Analysis
3.7. Determination of Optimum Cutting Parameters Using Taguchi
3.8. Determination of Optimum Cutting Parameters by Taguchi
3.9. Estimation with Taguchi Method
3.10. Prediction with ANN Method
3.11. ANFIS-Based Estimation Method
3.12. Comparison of Estimation Methods
4. Conclusions
- In the experiments conducted with all cutting tool coatings, it was observed that increasing the cutting speed and feed rate increased the cutting temperature, hole diameter error, hole circularity error and hole cylindricity error. While increasing the cutting speed had a positive effect on the surface roughness, increasing the feed rate caused the surface roughness to increase.
- In drilling operations performed with all cutting tool coatings, BUE and BUL formations were observed in cutting tools at a low cutting speed and a high feed rate.
- In the drilling experiments, the lowest surface roughness and cutting temperature values were measured in the coated cutting tool. The maximum surface roughness and cutting temperature occurred in the TiSiN-coated cutting tool.
- The lowest values for hole diameter error and hole circularity error occurred in the drilling process performed with the uncoated cutting tool. The maximum hole diameter error and cylindricity error were measured in the drilling process performed with the TiAlN-coated cutting tool.
- It was observed that minimum hole circularity error values were obtained in drilling operations performed with TiAlN-coated cutting tools, while maximum cylindricity values were obtained in drilling operations performed with uncoated cutting tools.
- As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the optimum cutting parameters were A1B1C3 (Uncoated, 0.11 mm/rev, 200 m/min) for surface roughness, A1B1C1 (Uncoated, 0.11 mm/rev, 120 m/min) for cutting temperature, hole diameter error, hole circularity error and hole cylindricity error.
- It was observed that the accuracy percentage of the estimations made by converting the values to S/N ratios in the estimation of the output parameters with Taguchi, ANN and ANFIS is higher than the estimations made with the experimental results.
- It shows that the reliability coefficient and prediction ability of the ANN model are higher than the Taguchi and ANFIS models in estimating the output parameters.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CTC | Cutting Tool Coating |
f | Feed Rate |
Vc | Cutting Speed |
Ra | Surface Roughness |
T | Cutting Temperature |
Hd | Hole Diameter Error |
Hc | Hole Circularity Error |
Hcy | Hole Cylindricity Error |
BUE | Built-Up Edge |
BUL | Built-Up Layer |
ANN | Artificial Neural Networks |
ANFIS | Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System |
MAD | Mean Absolute Deviation |
MSE | Mean Squared Error |
RMSE | Root Mean Squared Error |
R2 | R-Squared |
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Elements | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Si | Fe | Cu | Mn | Mg | Cr | Zn | Ti | Al | |
Wt% | 0.96 | 0.38 | 0.03 | 0.69 | 0.94 | 0.002 | 0.03 | 0.023 | Bal. |
Symbols | Cutting Parameters | Units | Levels | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | |||
A | Cutting Tool Coating, (CTC) | - | Uncoated | TiAlN | TiSiN |
B | Feed Rate, (f) | mm/rev | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.19 |
C | Cutting Speed, (Vc) | m/min | 120 | 160 | 200 |
Test No | Drilling Parameters | Test Results and S/N Ratio for Test Results | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CTC | f (mm/rev) | Vc (m/min) | Ra (µm) | Ra (dB) | T (°C) | T (dB) | Hd (mm) | Hd (dB) | Hc (mm) | Hc (dB) | Hcy (mm) | Hcy (dB) | |
1 | UNC | 0.11 | 120 | 1.42 | −3.05 | 27.9 | −28.91 | 10.0062 | −20.0054 | 0.0029 | 50.7520 | 0.007 | 43.098 |
2 | UNC | 0.11 | 160 | 1.19 | −1.51 | 28.1 | −28.97 | 10.0087 | −20.0076 | 0.0037 | 48.6360 | 0.015 | 36.478 |
3 | UNC | 0.11 | 200 | 1.07 | −0.59 | 30.7 | −29.74 | 10.0117 | −20.0102 | 0.0044 | 47.1309 | 0.022 | 33.152 |
4 | UNC | 0.15 | 120 | 1.79 | −5.06 | 31.1 | −29.86 | 10.0091 | −20.0079 | 0.0035 | 49.1186 | 0.021 | 33.556 |
5 | UNC | 0.15 | 160 | 1.57 | −3.92 | 33.2 | −30.42 | 10.0123 | −20.0107 | 0.0041 | 47.7443 | 0.028 | 31.057 |
6 | UNC | 0.15 | 200 | 1.44 | −3.17 | 35.7 | −31.05 | 10.0164 | −20.0142 | 0.0057 | 44.8825 | 0.038 | 28.404 |
7 | UNC | 0.19 | 120 | 2.06 | −6.28 | 35.2 | −30.93 | 10.0176 | −20.0153 | 0.0049 | 46.1961 | 0.041 | 27.744 |
8 | UNC | 0.19 | 160 | 1.86 | −5.39 | 36.6 | −31.27 | 10.0203 | −20.0176 | 0.0056 | 45.0362 | 0.051 | 25.849 |
9 | UNC | 0.19 | 200 | 1.72 | −4.71 | 39.6 | −31.95 | 10.0231 | −20.0200 | 0.0069 | 43.2230 | 0.064 | 23.876 |
10 | TiAlN | 0.11 | 120 | 1.58 | −3.97 | 31.7 | −30.02 | 10.0084 | −20.0073 | 0.0034 | 49.3704 | 0.008 | 41.938 |
11 | TiAlN | 0.11 | 160 | 1.36 | −2.67 | 33.6 | −30.53 | 10.0122 | −20.0106 | 0.0043 | 47.3306 | 0.017 | 35.391 |
12 | TiAlN | 0.11 | 200 | 1.21 | −1.66 | 35.8 | −31.08 | 10.0156 | −20.0135 | 0.0051 | 45.8486 | 0.024 | 32.396 |
13 | TiAlN | 0.15 | 120 | 1.99 | −5.98 | 36.3 | −31.20 | 10.0124 | −20.0108 | 0.0046 | 46.7448 | 0.026 | 31.701 |
14 | TiAlN | 0.15 | 160 | 1.74 | −4.81 | 38.1 | −31.62 | 10.0148 | −20.0128 | 0.005 | 46.0206 | 0.029 | 30.752 |
15 | TiAlN | 0.15 | 200 | 1.59 | −4.03 | 39.8 | −32.00 | 10.0187 | −20.0162 | 0.0065 | 43.7417 | 0.042 | 27.535 |
16 | TiAlN | 0.19 | 120 | 2.28 | −7.16 | 39.7 | −31.98 | 10.0206 | −20.0179 | 0.0058 | 44.7314 | 0.044 | 27.131 |
17 | TiAlN | 0.19 | 160 | 2.07 | −6.32 | 42.2 | −32.51 | 10.0235 | −20.0204 | 0.0064 | 43.8764 | 0.053 | 25.514 |
18 | TiAlN | 0.19 | 200 | 1.88 | −5.48 | 44.7 | −33.01 | 10.0269 | −20.0233 | 0.0079 | 42.0475 | 0.065 | 23.742 |
19 | TiSiN | 0.11 | 120 | 1.71 | −4.66 | 36.2 | −31.17 | 10.0091 | −20.0079 | 0.0035 | 49.1186 | 0.009 | 40.915 |
20 | TiSiN | 0.11 | 160 | 1.54 | −3.75 | 37.5 | −31.48 | 10.0130 | −20.0113 | 0.0045 | 46.9357 | 0.018 | 34.895 |
21 | TiSiN | 0.11 | 200 | 1.34 | −2.54 | 40.3 | −32.11 | 10.0174 | −20.0151 | 0.0054 | 45.3521 | 0.025 | 32.041 |
22 | TiSiN | 0.15 | 120 | 2.18 | −6.77 | 40.4 | −32.13 | 10.0134 | −20.0116 | 0.0047 | 46.5580 | 0.027 | 31.373 |
23 | TiSiN | 0.15 | 160 | 1.98 | −5.93 | 41.9 | −32.44 | 10.0154 | −20.0134 | 0.0052 | 45.6799 | 0.032 | 29.897 |
24 | TiSiN | 0.15 | 200 | 1.75 | −4.86 | 45.2 | −33.10 | 10.0192 | −20.0167 | 0.0066 | 43.6091 | 0.043 | 27.331 |
25 | TiSiN | 0.19 | 120 | 2.42 | −7.68 | 45.4 | −33.14 | 10.0215 | −20.0187 | 0.0059 | 44.5830 | 0.046 | 26.745 |
26 | TiSiN | 0.19 | 160 | 2.32 | −7.31 | 46.8 | −33.40 | 10.0244 | −20.0212 | 0.0065 | 43.7417 | 0.055 | 25.193 |
27 | TiSiN | 0.19 | 200 | 2.07 | −6.32 | 48.2 | −33.66 | 10.0276 | −20.0239 | 0.0082 | 41.7237 | 0.067 | 23.479 |
EDS Spot | Element Weights (%) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | O | Mg | Al | Si | Ti | Cr | Mn | Fe | Cu | Zn | |
1 | 26.82 | 4.1 | 1.46 | 29.25 | 16.58 | 0.38 | 0.73 | 0.67 | 0.74 | 2.64 | 16.63 |
2 | 22.29 | 5.8 | 2.58 | 26.64 | 18.41 | 0.42 | 1.08 | 0.82 | 0.78 | 3.11 | 18.07 |
3 | 24.69 | 4.61 | 1.82 | 28.38 | 17.53 | 0.31 | 0.81 | 0.76 | 0.69 | 2.78 | 17.62 |
Symbol | S/N Ratios | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Delta | Rank | |
Ra | |||||
CTC | −3.741 | −4.675 | −5.536 | 1.795 | 3 |
f | −2.711 | −4.947 | −6.294 | 3.583 | 1 |
Vc | −5.622 | −4.624 | −3.706 | 1.916 | 2 |
T | |||||
CTC | −30.35 | −31.55 | −32.52 | 2.17 | 1 |
f | −30.45 | −31.54 | −32.43 | 1.98 | 2 |
Vc | −31.04 | −31.41 | −31.97 | 0.93 | 3 |
Hd | |||||
CTC | −20.012 | −20.015 | −20.016 | 0.003 | 3 |
f | −20.010 | −20.013 | −20.020 | 0.010 | 1 |
Vc | −20.011 | −20.014 | −20.017 | 0.006 | 2 |
Hc | |||||
CTC | 46.97 | 45.52 | 45.26 | 1.71 | 3 |
f | 47.83 | 46.01 | 43.91 | 3.92 | 1 |
Vc | 47.46 | 46.11 | 44.17 | 3.29 | 2 |
Hcy | |||||
CTC | 31.47 | 30.68 | 30.21 | 1.26 | 3 |
f | 36.7 | 30.18 | 25.47 | 11.23 | 1 |
Vc | 33.8 | 30.56 | 28 | 5.81 | 2 |
Ra (µm) | T (°C) | Hd (mm) | Hc (mm) | Hcy (mm) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exp. | S/N Ratios | Exp. | S/N Ratios | Exp. | S/N Ratios | Exp. | S/N Ratios | Exp. | S/N Ratios | ||||||||||
Pred µm | APE % | Pred dB | APE % | Pred °C | APE % | Pred dB | APE % | Pred mm | APE % | Pred dB | APE % | Pred mm | APE % | Pred dB | APE % | Pred mm | APE % | Pred dB | APE % |
1.41 | 0.5 | −2.98 | 2.2 | 27.44 | 1.7 | −28.79 | 0.4 | 10.0076 | 0.006 | −20.0028 | 0.003 | 0.0028 | 3.19 | 50.9286 | 0.35 | 0.006 | 11.64 | 43.175 | 0.18 |
1.21 | 1.7 | −1.54 | 1.3 | 28.24 | 0.5 | −29.03 | 0.2 | 10.0088 | 0.001 | −20.0077 | 0.001 | 0.0037 | 0.80 | 48.6180 | 0.04 | 0.016 | 3.46 | 36.349 | 0.35 |
1.08 | 0.6 | −0.62 | 6.3 | 31.03 | 1.1 | −29.81 | 0.2 | 10.0122 | 0.005 | −20.0106 | 0.002 | 0.0045 | 1.43 | 46.9724 | 0.34 | 0.022 | 1.35 | 33.204 | 0.16 |
1.80 | 0.7 | −5.12 | 0.5 | 31.44 | 1.1 | −29.95 | 0.3 | 10.0098 | 0.007 | −20.0085 | 0.003 | 0.0036 | 3.07 | 48.8837 | 0.48 | 0.022 | 2.47 | 33.352 | 0.61 |
1.56 | 0.5 | −3.88 | 1.0 | 32.90 | 0.9 | −30.34 | 0.3 | 10.0122 | 0.001 | −20.0106 | 0.001 | 0.0041 | 0.72 | 47.6938 | 0.11 | 0.027 | 2.91 | 31.282 | 0.72 |
1.47 | 2.1 | −3.14 | 0.7 | 35.66 | 0.1 | −31.03 | 0.1 | 10.0159 | 0.005 | −20.0138 | 0.002 | 0.0056 | 2.40 | 45.1680 | 0.64 | 0.038 | 0.78 | 28.383 | 0.08 |
2.05 | 0.3 | −6.28 | 0.1 | 35.33 | 0.4 | −30.96 | 0.1 | 10.0176 | 0.000 | −20.0152 | 0.000 | 0.0049 | 0.30 | 46.2545 | 0.13 | 0.041 | 0.72 | 27.871 | 0.46 |
1.87 | 0.4 | −5.40 | 0.1 | 36.76 | 0.4 | −31.29 | 0.1 | 10.0203 | 0.000 | −20.0176 | 0.000 | 0.0055 | 1.06 | 45.1048 | 0.15 | 0.051 | 0.58 | 25.753 | 0.37 |
1.72 | 0.1 | −4.70 | 0.3 | 39.31 | 0.7 | −31.90 | 0.2 | 10.0232 | 0.001 | −20.0201 | 0.000 | 0.0070 | 1.07 | 43.0961 | 0.29 | 0.063 | 0.93 | 23.846 | 0.13 |
1.59 | 0.5 | −4.01 | 0.8 | 31.87 | 0.5 | −30.08 | 0.2 | 10.0085 | 0.001 | −20.0074 | 0.001 | 0.0034 | 0.87 | 49.3107 | 0.12 | 0.009 | 6.48 | 41.755 | 0.44 |
1.35 | 0.4 | −2.65 | 0.7 | 33.50 | 0.3 | −30.49 | 0.1 | 10.0120 | 0.002 | −20.0104 | 0.001 | 0.0043 | 0.34 | 47.3439 | 0.03 | 0.017 | 2.83 | 35.563 | 0.49 |
1.21 | 0.2 | −1.64 | 0.8 | 35.73 | 0.2 | −31.05 | 0.1 | 10.0156 | 0.000 | −20.0136 | 0.000 | 0.0051 | 0.29 | 45.8951 | 0.10 | 0.024 | 0.15 | 32.407 | 0.03 |
2.08 | 4.5 | −5.98 | 0.1 | 35.80 | 1.4 | −31.08 | 0.4 | 10.0122 | 0.002 | −20.0106 | 0.001 | 0.0046 | 0.81 | 46.8429 | 0.21 | 0.026 | 1.85 | 31.924 | 0.70 |
1.74 | 0.2 | −4.83 | 0.4 | 38.10 | 0.0 | −31.63 | 0.0 | 10.0149 | 0.001 | −20.0129 | 0.000 | 0.0050 | 0.37 | 45.9967 | 0.05 | 0.030 | 2.94 | 30.487 | 0.86 |
1.58 | 0.4 | −4.00 | 0.6 | 40.29 | 1.2 | −32.10 | 0.3 | 10.0188 | 0.001 | −20.0163 | 0.000 | 0.0065 | 0.28 | 43.6676 | 0.17 | 0.042 | 0.88 | 27.577 | 0.15 |
2.27 | 0.5 | −7.12 | 0.1 | 40.03 | 0.8 | −32.03 | 0.2 | 10.0207 | 0.001 | −20.0179 | 0.000 | 0.0058 | 0.13 | 44.6931 | 0.09 | 0.044 | 0.08 | 27.091 | 0.15 |
2.14 | 3.4 | −6.32 | 0.0 | 42.29 | 0.2 | −32.53 | 0.1 | 10.0236 | 0.001 | −20.0205 | 0.000 | 0.0064 | 0.06 | 43.8871 | 0.02 | 0.053 | 0.70 | 25.607 | 0.36 |
1.89 | 0.5 | −5.52 | 0.1 | 44.28 | 0.9 | −32.92 | 0.2 | 10.0267 | 0.002 | −20.0232 | 0.001 | 0.0079 | 0.05 | 42.0751 | 0.07 | 0.065 | 0.63 | 23.689 | 0.22 |
1.71 | 0.1 | −4.69 | 0.2 | 36.49 | 0.8 | −31.24 | 0.2 | 10.0096 | 0.005 | −20.0083 | 0.002 | 0.0036 | 1.80 | 49.0018 | 0.24 | 0.009 | 3.29 | 41.022 | 0.26 |
1.55 | 0.4 | −3.74 | 0.3 | 37.46 | 0.1 | −31.46 | 0.1 | 10.0130 | 0.000 | −20.0113 | 0.000 | 0.0045 | 0.33 | 46.9405 | 0.01 | 0.018 | 0.21 | 34.851 | 0.12 |
1.34 | 0.3 | −2.52 | 0.9 | 40.05 | 0.6 | −32.06 | 0.1 | 10.0169 | 0.005 | −20.0146 | 0.002 | 0.0054 | 0.89 | 45.4642 | 0.25 | 0.025 | 1.04 | 31.978 | 0.20 |
2.16 | 0.7 | −6.70 | 0.1 | 40.56 | 0.4 | −32.15 | 0.1 | 10.0129 | 0.005 | −20.0112 | 0.002 | 0.0046 | 1.50 | 46.6950 | 0.29 | 0.027 | 0.14 | 31.353 | 0.06 |
2.04 | 3.0 | −5.95 | 0.3 | 42.19 | 0.7 | −32.51 | 0.2 | 10.0155 | 0.001 | −20.0134 | 0.000 | 0.0052 | 0.93 | 45.7544 | 0.16 | 0.032 | 0.12 | 29.937 | 0.13 |
1.76 | 0.6 | −4.91 | 0.2 | 44.75 | 1.0 | −33.02 | 0.3 | 10.0196 | 0.004 | −20.0170 | 0.002 | 0.0067 | 1.80 | 43.3978 | 0.48 | 0.043 | 0.17 | 27.311 | 0.07 |
2.44 | 0.7 | −7.71 | 0.4 | 44.95 | 1.0 | −33.05 | 0.3 | 10.0215 | 0.000 | −20.0186 | 0.000 | 0.0059 | 0.13 | 44.5629 | 0.05 | 0.046 | 0.56 | 26.659 | 0.32 |
2.31 | 0.4 | −7.30 | 0.1 | 46.55 | 0.5 | −33.36 | 0.1 | 10.0243 | 0.001 | −20.0211 | 0.000 | 0.0066 | 0.97 | 43.6625 | 0.18 | 0.055 | 0.13 | 25.196 | 0.01 |
2.06 | 0.3 | −6.30 | 0.4 | 48.90 | 1.5 | −33.79 | 0.4 | 10.0277 | 0.001 | −20.0240 | 0.000 | 0.0081 | 0.86 | 41.8230 | 0.24 | 0.067 | 0.28 | 23.562 | 0.35 |
0.9 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.98 | 0.20 | 1.75 | 0.30 |
Ra (µm) | T (°C) | Hd (mm) | Hc (mm) | Hcy (mm) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exp. | S/N Ratios | Exp. | S/N Ratios | Exp. | S/N Ratios | Exp. | S/N Ratios | Exp. | S/N Ratios | ||||||||||
Pred µm | APE % | Pred dB | APE % | Pred °C | APE % | Pred dB | APE % | Pred mm | APE % | Pred dB | APE % | Pred mm | APE % | Pred dB | APE % | Pred mm | APE % | Pred dB | APE % |
1.42 | 0.2 | −3.06 | 0.3 | 28.08 | 0.64 | −28.94 | 0.1 | 10.0108 | 0.0262 | −20.0054 | 0.0001 | 0.0030 | 3.448 | 50.7495 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 43.095 | 0.007 |
1.18 | 0.5 | −1.64 | 1.3 | 28.05 | 0.19 | −29.02 | 0.2 | 10.0127 | 0.0002 | −20.0076 | 0.0002 | 0.0036 | 2.703 | 48.6360 | 0.000 | 0.015 | 0.000 | 36.476 | 0.005 |
1.11 | 3.3 | −0.58 | 1.7 | 30.66 | 0.12 | −29.75 | 0.0 | 10.0148 | 0.0007 | −20.0102 | 0.0002 | 0.0044 | 0.000 | 47.1309 | 0.000 | 0.022 | 0.000 | 33.124 | 0.084 |
1.69 | 5.7 | −5.05 | 0.2 | 30.98 | 0.39 | −29.83 | 0.1 | 10.0100 | 0.0024 | −20.0079 | 0.0000 | 0.0035 | 0.000 | 49.1178 | 0.002 | 0.021 | 0.000 | 33.558 | 0.006 |
1.50 | 4.6 | −3.92 | 0.0 | 33.11 | 0.27 | −30.39 | 0.1 | 10.0167 | 0.0064 | −20.0107 | 0.0001 | 0.0041 | 0.000 | 47.7443 | 0.000 | 0.028 | 0.000 | 31.056 | 0.003 |
1.44 | 0.2 | −3.22 | 0.3 | 35.75 | 0.14 | −31.05 | 0.0 | 10.0172 | 0.0034 | −20.0142 | 0.0002 | 0.0057 | 0.000 | 44.8825 | 0.000 | 0.038 | 0.000 | 28.431 | 0.095 |
2.05 | 0.3 | −6.29 | 0.2 | 35.21 | 0.04 | −30.81 | 0.4 | 10.0177 | 0.005 | −20.0153 | 0.0001 | 0.0049 | 0.000 | 46.1843 | 0.026 | 0.041 | 0.000 | 27.747 | 0.011 |
1.89 | 1.4 | −5.38 | 0.2 | 36.55 | 0.14 | −31.25 | 0.1 | 10.0235 | 0.0118 | −20.0176 | 0.0001 | 0.0057 | 1.786 | 45.0362 | 0.000 | 0.052 | 1.961 | 25.848 | 0.004 |
1.72 | 0.0 | −4.56 | 0.6 | 39.60 | 0.00 | −31.95 | 0.0 | 10.0227 | 0.0101 | −20.0200 | 0.0002 | 0.0069 | 0.000 | 43.2230 | 0.000 | 0.064 | 0.000 | 23.869 | 0.029 |
1.57 | 0.4 | −3.98 | 0.3 | 29.01 | 8.49 | −29.99 | 0.1 | 10.0141 | 0.007 | −20.0073 | 0.0000 | 0.0033 | 2.941 | 49.3748 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 12.500 | 41.918 | 0.048 |
1.36 | 0.0 | −2.54 | 0.4 | 33.60 | 0.01 | −30.57 | 0.1 | 10.0145 | 0.0075 | −20.0106 | 0.0000 | 0.0043 | 0.000 | 47.3306 | 0.000 | 0.017 | 0.000 | 35.329 | 0.175 |
1.21 | 0.4 | −1.71 | 0.6 | 35.85 | 0.14 | −31.09 | 0.1 | 10.0196 | 0.0000 | −20.0135 | 0.0002 | 0.0051 | 0.000 | 45.8486 | 0.000 | 0.024 | 0.000 | 32.392 | 0.012 |
1.98 | 0.6 | −5.96 | 0.3 | 36.21 | 0.24 | −31.16 | 0.1 | 10.0129 | 0.002 | −20.0108 | 0.0002 | 0.0045 | 2.174 | 46.7448 | 0.000 | 0.026 | 0.000 | 31.751 | 0.158 |
1.73 | 0.7 | −4.81 | 0.0 | 37.99 | 0.29 | −31.57 | 0.2 | 10.0147 | 0.0075 | −20.0128 | 0.0002 | 0.0050 | 0.000 | 46.0233 | 0.006 | 0.031 | 6.897 | 30.752 | 0.000 |
1.42 | 10.7 | −4.04 | 0.3 | 39.82 | 0.04 | −32.02 | 0.1 | 10.0193 | 0.0009 | −20.0162 | 0.0001 | 0.0065 | 0.000 | 43.7417 | 0.000 | 0.042 | 0.000 | 27.479 | 0.203 |
2.29 | 0.4 | −7.18 | 0.3 | 39.65 | 0.12 | −31.97 | 0.0 | 10.0224 | 0.0021 | −20.0179 | 0.0001 | 0.0057 | 1.724 | 44.7314 | 0.000 | 0.043 | 2.273 | 27.131 | 0.000 |
2.06 | 0.4 | −6.3 | 0.3 | 42.99 | 1.87 | −32.48 | 0.1 | 10.0287 | 0.0124 | −20.0204 | 0.0001 | 0.0065 | 1.562 | 43.8759 | 0.001 | 0.052 | 1.887 | 25.514 | 0.000 |
1.7 | 9.4 | −5.48 | 0.0 | 44.56 | 0.32 | −32.98 | 0.1 | 10.0295 | 0.0039 | −20.0233 | 0.0002 | 0.0079 | 0.000 | 42.0475 | 0.000 | 0.064 | 1.538 | 23.742 | 0.000 |
1.69 | 1.1 | −4.64 | 0.4 | 36.17 | 0.07 | −31.15 | 0.1 | 10.0095 | 0.0029 | −20.0079 | 0.0000 | 0.0036 | 2.857 | 49.1186 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 11.111 | 40.876 | 0.095 |
1.53 | 0.4 | −3.90 | 0.3 | 36.88 | 1.65 | −31.51 | 0.1 | 10.018 | 0.0002 | −20.0113 | 0.0001 | 0.0044 | 2.222 | 46.9357 | 0.000 | 0.018 | 0.000 | 34.895 | 0.000 |
1.34 | 0.0 | −2.55 | 0.4 | 40.58 | 0.69 | −32.11 | 0.0 | 10.0179 | 0.0000 | −20.0151 | 0.0000 | 0.0054 | 0.000 | 45.3521 | 0.000 | 0.025 | 0.000 | 32.040 | 0.003 |
2.26 | 3.6 | −6.85 | 1.2 | 40.45 | 0.14 | −32.12 | 0.0 | 10.0142 | 0.0016 | −20.0116 | 0.0002 | 0.0047 | 0.000 | 46.5580 | 0.000 | 0.027 | 0.000 | 31.372 | 0.003 |
1.96 | 1.0 | −5.91 | 0.3 | 41.76 | 0.34 | −32.47 | 0.1 | 10.0173 | 0.0007 | −20.0134 | 0.0002 | 0.0052 | 0.000 | 45.6799 | 0.000 | 0.032 | 0.000 | 29.897 | 0.000 |
1.84 | 5.4 | −4.87 | 0.2 | 45.24 | 0.09 | −33.06 | 0.1 | 10.0238 | 0.0043 | −20.0167 | 0.0002 | 0.0066 | 0.000 | 43.6091 | 0.000 | 0.043 | 0.000 | 27.331 | 0.000 |
2.36 | 2.3 | −7.65 | 0.4 | 45.36 | 0.08 | −33.15 | 0.0 | 10.0221 | 0.0005 | −20.0187 | 0.0002 | 0.0058 | 1.695 | 44.5722 | 0.024 | 0.046 | 0.000 | 26.688 | 0.213 |
2.34 | 1.0 | −7.43 | 0.1 | 46.14 | 1.41 | −33.33 | 0.2 | 10.0278 | 0.0039 | −20.0212 | 0.0002 | 0.0065 | 0.000 | 43.7417 | 0.000 | 0.056 | 1.818 | 25.193 | 0.000 |
2.06 | 0.5 | −6.31 | 0.2 | 46.05 | 4.46 | −33.57 | 0.3 | 10.0306 | 0.0100 | −20.0239 | 0.0002 | 0.0081 | 1.220 | 41.7178 | 0.014 | 0.067 | 0.000 | 23.479 | 0.000 |
2.0 | 0.4 | 0.83 | 0.1 | 0.005 | 0.0001 | 0.901 | 0.003 | 1.481 | 0.043 |
Ra (µm) | T (°C) | Hd (mm) | Hc (mm) | Hcy (mm) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exp. | S/N Ratios | Exp. | S/N Ratios | Exp. | S/N Ratios | Exp. | S/N Ratios | Exp. | S/N Ratios | ||||||||||
Pred µm | APE % | Pred dB | APE % | Pred °C | APE % | Pred dB | APE % | Pred mm | APE % | Pred dB | APE % | Pred mm | APE % | Pred dB | APE % | Pred mm | APE % | Pred dB | APE % |
1.42 | 0.0 | −3.05 | 0.14 | 27.90 | 0.0 | −28.91 | 0.0 | 10.0072 | 0.010 | −20.0044 | 0.005 | 0.0029 | 0.000 | 50.7520 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.00 | 43.098 | 0.00 |
1.19 | 0.0 | −1.51 | 0.06 | 28.10 | 0.0 | −28.97 | 0.0 | 10.0137 | 0.050 | −20.0026 | 0.025 | 0.0037 | 0.000 | 48.6359 | 0.000 | 0.015 | 0.00 | 36.478 | 0.00 |
0.96 | 10.3 | −0.59 | 3.01 | 28.30 | 7.8 | −29.03 | 2.4 | 10.0132 | 0.015 | −20.0077 | 0.012 | 0.0045 | 2.272 | 46.5198 | 1.297 | 0.021 | 4.55 | 33.154 | 0.01 |
1.79 | 0.0 | −5.06 | 0.06 | 31.10 | 0.0 | −29.86 | 0.0 | 10.0151 | 0.060 | −20.0019 | 0.030 | 0.0035 | 0.000 | 49.1186 | 0.000 | 0.021 | 0.00 | 33.556 | 0.00 |
1.61 | 2.9 | −3.92 | 2.48 | 33.40 | 0.6 | −30.45 | 0.1 | 10.0167 | 0.044 | −20.0070 | 0.018 | 0.0046 | 12.195 | 47.0005 | 1.558 | 0.029 | 3.57 | 31.064 | 0.02 |
1.44 | 0.0 | −3.17 | 0.09 | 35.70 | 0.0 | −31.05 | 0.0 | 10.0166 | 0.002 | −20.0140 | 0.001 | 0.0057 | 0.000 | 44.8825 | 0.000 | 0.038 | 0.00 | 28.404 | 0.00 |
2.00 | 2.9 | −6.28 | 1.71 | 33.80 | 4.0 | −30.59 | 1.1 | 10.0153 | 0.023 | −20.0125 | 0.014 | 0.0044 | 10.204 | 47.3558 | 2.510 | 0.039 | 4.88 | 27.480 | 0.95 |
1.86 | 0.0 | −5.39 | 2.05 | 35.20 | 3.8 | −30.93 | 1.1 | 10.0186 | 0.017 | −20.0143 | 0.017 | 0.0052 | 7.143 | 46.1960 | 2.575 | 0.050 | 1.96 | 25.852 | 0.01 |
1.72 | 0.0 | −4.71 | 0.44 | 36.60 | 7.6 | −31.27 | 2.1 | 10.0208 | 0.023 | −20.0171 | 0.014 | 0.0063 | 8.696 | 45.0362 | 4.195 | 0.061 | 4.69 | 23.886 | 0.04 |
1.58 | 0.0 | −3.97 | 0.08 | 31.70 | 0.0 | −30.02 | 0.0 | 10.0144 | 0.060 | −20.0013 | 0.030 | 0.0034 | 0.000 | 49.3704 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.00 | 41.938 | 0.00 |
1.39 | 2.6 | −2.67 | 1.66 | 33.75 | 0.4 | −30.55 | 0.1 | 10.0160 | 0.038 | −20.0064 | 0.021 | 0.0042 | 1.163 | 47.6095 | 0.589 | 0.018 | 3.02 | 35.491 | 0.28 |
1.21 | 0.0 | −1.66 | 0.26 | 35.80 | 0.0 | −31.08 | 0.0 | 10.0158 | 0.002 | −20.0133 | 0.001 | 0.0051 | 0.000 | 45.8486 | 0.000 | 0.024 | 0.00 | 32.396 | 0.00 |
1.89 | 5.0 | −5.98 | 0.22 | 36.40 | 0.3 | −31.24 | 0.1 | 10.0113 | 0.011 | −20.0089 | 0.009 | 0.0041 | 10.870 | 48.2993 | 3.326 | 0.024 | 7.69 | 31.781 | 0.25 |
1.74 | 0.0 | −4.81 | 0.02 | 38.10 | 0.0 | −31.62 | 0.0 | 10.0158 | 0.010 | −20.0118 | 0.005 | 0.0050 | 0.000 | 46.0205 | 0.000 | 0.029 | 0.00 | 30.752 | 0.00 |
1.59 | 0.0 | −4.03 | 0.05 | 39.80 | 0.0 | −32.00 | 0.0 | 10.0237 | 0.050 | −20.0112 | 0.025 | 0.0065 | 0.000 | 43.7417 | 0.000 | 0.042 | 0.00 | 27.535 | 0.00 |
2.28 | 0.0 | −7.16 | 0.02 | 39.70 | 0.0 | −31.98 | 0.0 | 10.0226 | 0.020 | −20.0159 | 0.010 | 0.0058 | 0.000 | 44.7314 | 0.000 | 0.044 | 0.00 | 27.131 | 0.00 |
2.07 | 0.0 | −6.32 | 0.01 | 42.20 | 0.0 | −32.51 | 0.0 | 10.0237 | 0.002 | −20.0202 | 0.001 | 0.0064 | 0.000 | 43.8763 | 0.000 | 0.053 | 0.00 | 25.514 | 0.00 |
1.86 | 1.1 | −5.48 | 0.06 | 44.70 | 0.0 | −33.04 | 0.1 | 10.0268 | 0.001 | −20.0224 | 0.004 | 0.0074 | 6.329 | 43.0212 | 2.316 | 0.062 | 4.62 | 23.788 | 0.19 |
1.74 | 1.8 | −4.66 | 6.44 | 34.70 | 4.1 | −30.85 | 1.0 | 10.0096 | 0.005 | −20.0064 | 0.007 | 0.0036 | 2.857 | 48.5191 | 1.221 | 0.009 | 0.00 | 40.825 | 0.22 |
1.54 | 0.0 | −3.75 | 0.01 | 37.50 | 0.0 | −31.48 | 0.0 | 10.0135 | 0.005 | −20.0108 | 0.003 | 0.0045 | 0.000 | 46.9356 | 0.000 | 0.018 | 0.00 | 34.895 | 0.00 |
1.34 | 0.0 | −2.54 | 0.08 | 40.30 | 0.0 | −32.11 | 0.0 | 10.0234 | 0.060 | −20.0091 | 0.030 | 0.0054 | 0.000 | 45.3521 | 0.000 | 0.025 | 0.00 | 32.041 | 0.00 |
2.18 | 0.0 | −6.77 | 0.01 | 40.40 | 0.0 | −32.13 | 0.0 | 10.0174 | 0.040 | −20.0076 | 0.020 | 0.0047 | 0.000 | 46.5580 | 0.000 | 0.027 | 0.00 | 31.373 | 0.00 |
1.98 | 0.0 | −5.93 | 0.06 | 41.90 | 0.0 | −32.44 | 0.0 | 10.0164 | 0.010 | −20.0124 | 0.005 | 0.0052 | 0.000 | 45.6798 | 0.000 | 0.032 | 0.00 | 29.897 | 0.00 |
1.78 | 1.7 | −4.86 | 4.72 | 43.40 | 4.0 | −32.75 | 1.1 | 10.0179 | 0.013 | −20.0146 | 0.010 | 0.0063 | 4.545 | 44.8016 | 2.735 | 0.041 | 4.65 | 28.321 | 3.62 |
2.42 | 0.0 | −7.68 | 0.05 | 45.40 | 0.0 | −33.14 | 0.0 | 10.0275 | 0.060 | −20.0127 | 0.030 | 0.0059 | 0.000 | 44.5830 | 0.000 | 0.046 | 0.00 | 26.745 | 0.00 |
2.24 | 3.2 | −7.31 | 4.24 | 46.80 | 0.0 | −33.40 | 0.0 | 10.0275 | 0.031 | −20.0183 | 0.015 | 0.0070 | 8.461 | 43.1533 | 1.345 | 0.058 | 6.34 | 25.165 | 0.11 |
2.07 | 0.0 | −6.32 | 0.01 | 48.20 | 0.0 | −33.66 | 0.0 | 10.0316 | 0.040 | −20.0199 | 0.020 | 0.0082 | 0.000 | 41.7237 | 0.000 | 0.067 | 0.00 | 23.479 | 0.00 |
1.2 | 1.04 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.026 | 0.014 | 2.768 | 0.877 | 1.70 | 0.21 |
Model | Ra | T | Hd | Hc | Hcy | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exp. | S/N Ratios | Exp. | S/N Ratios | Exp. | S/N Ratios | Exp. | S/N Ratios | Exp. | S/N Ratios | |
Taguchi | 99.11 | 99.12 | 99.24 | 99.80 | 99.976 | 99.988 | 99.021 | 99.805 | 98.248 | 99.704 |
ANN | 97.97 | 99.60 | 99.17 | 99.91 | 99.986 | 99.999 | 99.098 | 99.997 | 98.519 | 99.957 |
ANFIS | 98.84 | 98.96 | 98.79 | 99.65 | 99.974 | 99.986 | 97.232 | 99.123 | 98.298 | 99.788 |
Experimental | S/N Ratios | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taguchi | ANN | ANFIS | Taguchi | ANN | ANFIS | |
Ra Error | ||||||
MAD | 0.011 | 0.020 | 0.016 | 0.0104 | 0.0081 | 0.0115 |
MSE | 0.0002 | 0.0014 | 0.0007 | 0.000148 | 0.000141 | 0.00035 |
RMSE | 0.0115 | 0.0196 | 0.159 | 0.01037 | 0.00815 | 0.011481 |
R2 | 0.997 | 0.998 | 0.994 | 0.99956 | 0.999958 | 0.999895 |
T Error | ||||||
MAD | 0.010 | 0.008 | 0.011 | 0.0452 | 0.0048 | 0.0519 |
MSE | 0.00015 | 0.00014 | 0.00035 | 0.00272 | 0.00009 | 0.01060 |
RMSE | 0.0104 | 0.0081 | 0.0115 | 0.045 | 0.004 | 0.052 |
R2 | 0.99996 | 0.99999 | 0.99989 | 0.998 | 0.999 | 0.993 |
Hd Error | ||||||
MAD | 0.00023 | 0.00010 | 0.00011 | 0.000181 | 0.000063 | 0.000115 |
MSE | 0.00000012 | 0.00000006 | 0.00000007 | 0.000000064 | 0.000000007 | 0.000000048 |
RMSE | 0.00024 | 0.00010 | 0.00011 | 0.000181 | 0.000063 | 0.000115 |
R2 | 0.9966 | 0.9982 | 0.9979 | 0.996 | 0.999 | 0.997 |
Hc Error | ||||||
MAD | 0.00028 | 0.00017 | 0.00069 | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | 0.0914 |
MSE | 0.00000013 | 0.00000005 | 0.00000056 | 0.00000027 | 0.00000022 | 0.01355134 |
RMSE | 0.0003 | 0.0002 | 0.0007 | 0.0003 | 0.0001 | 0.0914 |
R2 | 0.928 | 0.974 | 0.819 | 0.99947 | 0.99957 | 0.997318 |
Hcy Error | ||||||
MAD | 0.00248 | 0.00237 | 0.00085 | 0.0015 | 0.0005 | 0.2288 |
MSE | 0.0000137 | 0.0000078 | 0.0000019 | 0.00004129 | 0.00000089 | 0.09132296 |
RMSE | 0.0025 | 0.0024 | 0.0009 | 0.00152 | 0.00052 | 0.22882 |
R2 | 0.954 | 0.994 | 0.974 | 0.999998 | 0.999999 | 0.996799 |
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Turan, İ.; Özlü, B.; Ulaş, H.B.; Demir, H. Prediction and Modelling with Taguchi, ANN and ANFIS of Optimum Machining Parameters in Drilling of Al 6082-T6 Alloy. J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2025, 9, 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9030092
Turan İ, Özlü B, Ulaş HB, Demir H. Prediction and Modelling with Taguchi, ANN and ANFIS of Optimum Machining Parameters in Drilling of Al 6082-T6 Alloy. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing. 2025; 9(3):92. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9030092
Chicago/Turabian StyleTuran, İbrahim, Barış Özlü, Hasan Basri Ulaş, and Halil Demir. 2025. "Prediction and Modelling with Taguchi, ANN and ANFIS of Optimum Machining Parameters in Drilling of Al 6082-T6 Alloy" Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 9, no. 3: 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9030092
APA StyleTuran, İ., Özlü, B., Ulaş, H. B., & Demir, H. (2025). Prediction and Modelling with Taguchi, ANN and ANFIS of Optimum Machining Parameters in Drilling of Al 6082-T6 Alloy. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 9(3), 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9030092