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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Thermal and Athermal Effects of High-Density Pulsed Electric Current on Strain-Hardening Relief in Cold-Rolled A6061 Under Liquid Nitrogen

by
Shaojie Gu
1,2,3,*,
Xiaoming Yu
1,4,
Yanhong Peng
1,5,
Lusheng Wang
5,
Sungmin Yoon
1,6,
Yi Cui
1,
Yasuhiro Kimura
1,7,
Yasuyuki Morita
3,
Yuhki Toku
1,3,* and
Yang Ju
1,8,*
1
Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
2
Magnesium Research Center, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
3
Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
4
Daian Works, Kobe Steel Ltd., 1100 Daiancho Umedo, Inabe 511-0284, Japan
5
College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
6
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Republic of Korea
7
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
8
State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310030, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2026, 10(6), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp10060189
Submission received: 29 April 2026 / Revised: 28 May 2026 / Accepted: 28 May 2026 / Published: 29 May 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Forming, Treatment and Modelling of Lightweight Alloys)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Understanding the respective roles of thermal and athermal effects during electric current treatment is critical for advancing current-assisted processing of metallic materials. In this study, strain hardening in cold-rolled A6061 was effectively relieved using high-density pulsed electric current. By conducting comparative experiments under room-temperature and liquid-nitrogen conditions, the thermal and athermal contributions were quantitatively evaluated. The results indicate that thermal effects dominate over athermal effects in dislocation density reduction and strain-hardening relief. Nevertheless, the athermal effect, driven by electron wind force, is capable of promoting dislocation motion and annihilation. This work provides a practical framework for evaluating thermal and athermal contributions and offers new insights into microstructure control via electric current, with implications for the design of advanced structural materials.
Keywords: high-density pulsed electric current; aluminum alloy 6061; cold rolling; athermal effect; strain hardening; liquid nitrogen environment high-density pulsed electric current; aluminum alloy 6061; cold rolling; athermal effect; strain hardening; liquid nitrogen environment

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Gu, S.; Yu, X.; Peng, Y.; Wang, L.; Yoon, S.; Cui, Y.; Kimura, Y.; Morita, Y.; Toku, Y.; Ju, Y. Thermal and Athermal Effects of High-Density Pulsed Electric Current on Strain-Hardening Relief in Cold-Rolled A6061 Under Liquid Nitrogen. J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2026, 10, 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp10060189

AMA Style

Gu S, Yu X, Peng Y, Wang L, Yoon S, Cui Y, Kimura Y, Morita Y, Toku Y, Ju Y. Thermal and Athermal Effects of High-Density Pulsed Electric Current on Strain-Hardening Relief in Cold-Rolled A6061 Under Liquid Nitrogen. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing. 2026; 10(6):189. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp10060189

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gu, Shaojie, Xiaoming Yu, Yanhong Peng, Lusheng Wang, Sungmin Yoon, Yi Cui, Yasuhiro Kimura, Yasuyuki Morita, Yuhki Toku, and Yang Ju. 2026. "Thermal and Athermal Effects of High-Density Pulsed Electric Current on Strain-Hardening Relief in Cold-Rolled A6061 Under Liquid Nitrogen" Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 10, no. 6: 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp10060189

APA Style

Gu, S., Yu, X., Peng, Y., Wang, L., Yoon, S., Cui, Y., Kimura, Y., Morita, Y., Toku, Y., & Ju, Y. (2026). Thermal and Athermal Effects of High-Density Pulsed Electric Current on Strain-Hardening Relief in Cold-Rolled A6061 Under Liquid Nitrogen. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 10(6), 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp10060189

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