Disaster Risks and Community Response: A Case Study from Ilam, Nepal †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Change in the Climatic Conditions
3.2. Major Climatic Hazards
3.3. Major Causes of Climate Change and Disasters
3.4. Impact of Disasters
3.5. Effects on the Environment of These Disasters
3.6. Local Mitigation Methods
3.7. Social Networks
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
References
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Climate Changes | Percent (Multiple Response) |
---|---|
Change in weather | 99 |
Increase in temperature | 92.3 |
Change in rainfall pattern | 88 |
Change in windstorm | 65.3 |
Change in pattern of drought | 56 |
Decrease in hailstorm | 53.7 |
Decreasing erratic rainfall | 48.7 |
Increasing erratic rainfall | 31 |
Change in pattern of hailstorm | 29.3 |
Decrease in fog | 28 |
Increase in fog | 23.7 |
Increase in hailstorm | 12.3 |
Decrease in temperature | 9.3 |
Place | Event | Consequences |
---|---|---|
Godhak | Landslides (2045) Flood (2030, 2045, 2053, 2064) Drought (2034–2035) Hail (2030 and 2064–2065) Insects (2052–2053) Snowfall (2002) | 12 households washed away Loss of cardamom fields Drought effects on maize No cardamom production for 3 years Death of fish Problems with rhizome rot, whitefly Extinction of buckwheat, horse gram, and mustard Replacement of local cow breed Jure with Holstein and Jersey Arrival of new varieties i.e., tomato, cow, pea, squash and pumpkin Extinction of jackal, porcupine, rupi, and crow, and increase of rabbit and monkey Increase of Variegata acranthus 10–15 years ago, there was a problem with the dew |
Kanyam | Flood (2090, 2011, 2025, 2069) Drought (2028) Insects Hail Snowfall (2028, 2033–2034) Hurricane (2066) Dew (2068–2069) | Loss of human life and livestock 4 households migrated Minibus carrying 14 people washed away Cardamom and broom grassland washed away No production of maize Replacement of indigenous crops with hybrid varieties Extinction of fox and jackal in the past 15 years and an increase in rabbit Problems with aphid and mosquito for 2 years Rhizome rot Destruction of leaches 1 death due to hurricane |
Bhanjyang | Landslides Heavy rainfall Hail Drought Frost Outbreaks of new diseases | Landslides occurred 45 years ago, which killed seven people and washed away Nigure village People recall that the raindrops were so large that they made holes in roads and several other places. The rainfall was unexpected and strange, and occurred only over an area about 50 meters in diameter 12–13 years ago, in the month of Mangsir (November–December), hail shattered rice crops, causing more than 80% crop loss. The normal period for hail is Chaitra (March)–Baisakh (April) Liver fluke did not exist in the past, but now it has become a very common and sudden cause of death in healthy-looking goats |
Chulachuli | Flood (2036, 2048, 2070) Snakes Drought (2035, 2053, 2069) Hurricane (2036) Changes in wild elephant behavior Fire Malaria epidemic (1932) | 2 people died due to floods In 2044 Bikram Sambat. several households migrated At the time of paddy cultivation, drought caused a loss in productivity (1.5 man/Bigha or 90 kilograms/hectare) 1 person injured due to snake bite Several people died due to malaria Agricultural land washed away Problems with mobility due to the destruction of a check dam |
Sangrumba | Landslides (2021, 2025, 2067 and 2069) Flood (2025) Hurricane (2066) Fire (2054) Earthquake (1990 and 2068) | Extinction of ducks 16 people died due to landslides and the loss of 4 means of transportation Loss in crop productivity 1 person died due to fire and 1 household experienced the loss of property worth around 7 lakhs Hurricanes affected 44 households and schools Loss of 11 households due to an earthquake |
Changes in the Environment | Percent |
---|---|
Deforestation | 94.3 |
Human behavior | 89.7 |
Uncontrolled population | 71.3 |
Climate change | 54 |
Urbanization | 29.7 |
Impacts | Percent |
---|---|
Infestation of insects | 97.7 |
Drying of water resources | 93.7 |
Decrease in productivity | 89.7 |
Increase in crop disease | 72.7 |
Increase in animal disease | 62.3 |
Invasion of new crops | 66 |
Early maturity | 42.7 |
Flowering in forests | 20.3 |
Disease in human beings | 36.7 |
Increase in productivity | 8.3 |
Impacts on Agriculture | Percent of Cases |
---|---|
Decrease in productivity | 92.5 |
Increase in insect infestation | 87.5 |
Agricultural land washed away | 60 |
Impacts on Livestock | |
Decrease in productivity | 83.30 |
Loss of fodder and foraging | 77.80 |
Reduce in productivity of livestock | 53.60 |
Disease | 38.60 |
Livestock washed away | 2.40 |
Impacts on Economic Resources | |
Low productivity | 95.6 |
Reduction in income | 88.2 |
Disease | 32.1 |
Starvation | 4.4 |
Effects on the Environment | Percent of Cases |
---|---|
Decrease in surface water | 94.6 |
Pollution | 74.2 |
Loss in biodiversity | 50.3 |
Loss of life | 6 |
Mitigation Methods for Landslides | Percent of Cases |
---|---|
Afforestation | 97.7 |
Contour farming | 78.9 |
Awareness | 51.6 |
Check basin | 48.4 |
Change of housing location | 11.7 |
Reconstruction of sheds | 3.1 |
Loans for household activities | 3.1 |
Mitigation Methods for Floods | |
Check basin | 92.9 |
Awareness | 92 |
Loan for household activities | 13.3 |
Change of housing location | 7.1 |
Reconstruction of sheds | 5.3 |
Mitigation Methods for Drought | |
Conservation and utilization of resources | 89.6 |
Drought-resistant varieties | 40.7 |
Construction of plastic ponds | 8.6 |
Means of Helping Others | Percent of Cases |
---|---|
Helping hands | 77.4 |
Information | 61.6 |
Providing basic needs | 48.4 |
Loans | 18.3 |
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Poudel, P. Disaster Risks and Community Response: A Case Study from Ilam, Nepal. Proceedings 2019, 6, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECEHS-1-05712
Poudel P. Disaster Risks and Community Response: A Case Study from Ilam, Nepal. Proceedings. 2019; 6(1):12. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECEHS-1-05712
Chicago/Turabian StylePoudel, Pratima. 2019. "Disaster Risks and Community Response: A Case Study from Ilam, Nepal" Proceedings 6, no. 1: 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECEHS-1-05712