Multifractal Characterization of Seismic Activity in the Provinces of Esmeraldas and Manabí, Ecuador †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Art State: Fractals
3. Data Source
4. Methodology
Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (MF-DFA)
5. Results and Discussion
6. Conclusions
- -
- Due to its enormous importance and the need to expand knowledge, multifractal analysis of the seismic activity of the provinces of Esmeraldas and Manabí in Ecuador was carried out by obtaining their multifractal spectra.
- -
- The studied seismic phenomena displayed a dynamic change of heterogeneity towards homogeneity, and from variance to becoming constant during the activation of the replica. This was revealed by a loss of multifractality after a main event.
- -
- The results of this study revealed a persistent behavior of the magnitude and inter-distance series, while the interevent series showed a behavior of fluctuating noise.
- -
- When determining a relationship between the resulting curves, all series appeared biased to the right, which was consistent with r > 1. This indicates that small variations in the series are more dominant than large fluctuations. It seems, also, that such dominance is more intense for the interevent series than the other two, due to the resulting values for each of the series and their respective exponents of Hurst.
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Paladines, A.; Soto, J. Geología y Yacimientos Minerales del Ecuador; Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja: Loja, Ecuador, 2010; 223p. [Google Scholar]
- Cruz Atienza, V. Los sismos, una amenaza cotidiana; La caja de cerillos ediciones: Ciudad de México, México, 2013; 111p. [Google Scholar]
- Sánchez, F.V. Los Terremotos y sus Causas; España: Instituto Andaluz de Geofísica y Prevención de Desastres Sísmicos: Dialnet, Spain, 2000; 123p. [Google Scholar]
- Guartan, J.A.; Tamay, J.V. Optimización del proceso de recuperación de oro contenido en los relaves de molienda de la planta “Vivanco” por el método de flotación-cianuración; Investigation; UTPL: Loja, Ecuador, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Mandelbrot, B.B. The Fractal Geometry of Nature, Updated and augm. ed.; W.H. Freeman: New York, NY, USA, 1983; 460p. [Google Scholar]
- Senesi, N.; Wilkinson, K.J. Biophysical chemistry of fractal structures and processes in environmental systems; Wiley: Chichester, West Sussex, UK; Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2008; 340p. [Google Scholar]
- Spalla, M.I.; Marotta, A.M.; Gosso, G. Advances in Interpretation of Geological Processes: Refinement of Multi-Scale Data and Integration in Numerical Modelling; Geological Societ: London, UK; Williston, VT, USA, 2010; 240p. [Google Scholar]
- Instituto Geográfico Militar, I. Cartographer; Carta Topográfica: Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Brito, S. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Geológico Minero Metalúrgico, E. Atlas geológico minero del Ecuador; INIGEMM, Gobierno de Ecuador: Quito, Ecuador, 2017; 245p. [Google Scholar]
- Morejón, J. Es Provincia Verde; Fundación Naturaleza Viva Fundación Naturaleza Viva: Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 2012; 179p. [Google Scholar]
- Prefectura de Manabí. Plan de desarrollo y ordenamiento territorial de la provincia de Manabí, diagnostico estratégico; Prefectura de Manabí, Gobierno de Ecuador: Manabí, Ecuador, 2014; 335p. [Google Scholar]
- Kantelhradt, J.; Zschiegner, S.; Koscielny-Bunde, E. Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis of Noostationary Time Series. Phys. A Stat. Mech. Appl. 2002, 316, 87–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mandelbrot, B.B.; Novak, M.M. Thinking in Patterns: Fractals and Related Phenomena in Nature, World Scientific: River Edge, NJ, USA, 2004; 323p.
- Telesca, L.; Lapenna, V. Measuring multifractality in seismic sequences. Tectonophysics 2006, 423, 115–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Magnitude | ||||
Width | Asymmetry r | Average h(q) | St. Dev. h(q) | Max. Delta. |
0.55 | 1.23 | 0.8283 | 0.1106 | 0.2396 |
Inter-distance Km | ||||
Width | Asymmetry r | Average h(q) | St. Dev. h(q) | Max. Delta. |
0.56 | 1.94 | 0.7649 | 0.1464 | 0.3579 |
Interevent (min) | ||||
Width | Asymmetry r | Average h(q) | St. Dev. h(q) | Max. Delta. |
1.44 | 2.04 | 1.5562 | 0.5527 | 0.4584 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Cuenca, D.I.; Estévez, J.; García-Marín, A.P. Multifractal Characterization of Seismic Activity in the Provinces of Esmeraldas and Manabí, Ecuador. Proceedings 2019, 24, 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECG2019-06196
Cuenca DI, Estévez J, García-Marín AP. Multifractal Characterization of Seismic Activity in the Provinces of Esmeraldas and Manabí, Ecuador. Proceedings. 2019; 24(1):27. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECG2019-06196
Chicago/Turabian StyleCuenca, David I., Javier Estévez, and Amanda P. García-Marín. 2019. "Multifractal Characterization of Seismic Activity in the Provinces of Esmeraldas and Manabí, Ecuador" Proceedings 24, no. 1: 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECG2019-06196