Serum Levels of IL-10 and IL-1β in Elderly Individuals: Associations with Clinical and Demographic Factors ^†

Introduction: Chronic low-grade inflammation is a hallmark of aging and is associated with various clinical conditions in older adults. Interleukins such as IL-10 and IL-1β play key roles in regulating inflammatory responses. This study aimed to investigate the associations between serum levels of IL-10 and IL-1β and clinical, demographic, and lifestyle factors in older individuals. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 193 participants aged ≥60 years. Sociodemographic data, clinical history, and lifestyle factors were collected. Serum concentrations of IL-10 and IL-1β were measured and analyzed in relation to metabolic syndrome (MS), type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, lipid profile, glycemic markers, and anthropometric measures. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Participants with MS had significantly lower IL-10 levels than those without MS (median 4.59 vs. 5.35 pg/mL, p < 0.001). Reduced IL-10 concentrations were also observed in individuals aged ≥80 years and those with altered HDL, glucose, or HbA1c levels. Women had higher IL-10 levels than men (median 5.01 vs. 4.31 pg/mL, p < 0.001). No other clinical or lifestyle variables were significantly associated with IL-10. For IL-1β, only alcohol consumption showed a significant association with serum levels (p = 0.037). Conclusions: Serum IL-10 levels in older individuals are influenced by age, sex, and metabolic parameters, particularly in the presence of metabolic syndrome. IL-1β levels appear to be primarily associated with alcohol consumption. These findings contribute to understanding inflammatory profiles in aging and support future research on immunometabolic regulation.