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Article

Productive Performance of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás in Response to Different Inoculation Techniques of Azospirillum brasilense Associated with Nitrogen Fertilization in the Brazilian Amazon

by
Gianna Maria Oscar Bezerra
1,
Cleyton de Souza Batista
1,
Daryel Henrique Abreu de Queluz
1,
Gabriela de Jesus Coelho
1,
Daiane de Cinque Mariano
2,
Pedro Henrique Oliveira Simões
3,
Perlon Maia dos Santos
1,
Ismael de Jesus Matos Viégas
4,
Ricardo Shigueru Okumura
1 and
Raylon Pereira Maciel
1,*
1
Campus of Parauapebas, University Federal Rural of the Amazon, Parauapebas 68515-000, Brazil
2
Department of Soils and Agricultural Engineering, University Federal of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060-900, Brazil
3
Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University Federal of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, Brazil
4
Campus of Capanema, University Federal Rural of the Amazon, Capanema 68700-665, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nitrogen 2025, 6(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen6020047
Submission received: 26 March 2025 / Revised: 9 June 2025 / Accepted: 12 June 2025 / Published: 17 June 2025
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Abstract

:
With the increase in prices of correctives and fertilizers, the investigation of the interactions between plants and plant growth-promoting bacteria shows an economically viable and sustainable alternative, and the use of Azospirillum brasilense has shown an increase in efficiency of nitrogen use and increased pasture yield. This study, conducted in the Brazilian Amazon, aimed to evaluate the effect of different inoculation techniques of Azospirillum brasilense associated with the dose of nitrogen topdressing on the productive performance of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás is a grass species commonly cultivated in this region. The experiment was conducted in the Experimental Forage Sector of the Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Parauapebas city, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement, with three inoculation methods (control, seed, and foliar) and three nitrogen fertilization doses (0, 75, and 150 kg ha−1 of N), with four replicates. An effect was observed in interaction between inoculation and nitrogen fertilization (p ≤ 0.05) for the variables total forage green mass, total forage dry mass, dry mass of leaf blade, dry stem mass, and number of tillers m−2. The dose of 150 kg ha−1 of N promoted a positive effect of N on the total forage dry mass and LAI (leaf area index). Inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense, especially foliar application, efficiently increased Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás yield, potentially reducing the use of nitrogen fertilizers, promotes greater sustainability in pasture management.

1. Introduction

In Brazil, approximately 177 million hectares are cultivated with pastures, of which it is estimated that 40% present average vegetative vigour and signs of degradation, while 20% present low vegetative vigour, understood as severe degradation [1]. To achieve desirable production rates at the lowest possible cost, it is not just necessary but urgent to intensify pasture-based systems gradually. This urgency underscores the importance of the research and makes the audience feel the pressing need for sustainable solutions.
Agricultural practices such as fertilizers still do not receive due value in pastures, since they demand high costs [2]. However, soil correction through chemical or organic fertilization is essential to improve pasture yield and, consequently, zootechnical indicators related to animal production [3]. Among chemical fertilizers, nitrogen fertilizers stand out as one of the main limiting factors in pasture yield [4] and are required in significant quantities by plants.
Nitrogen fertilization is essential for grasses because it interferes with their structural characteristics, which is reflected in digestive behaviour (due to forage availability) and animal production per area [5]. The absence of nitrogen (N) leads to a reduction in production due to the impairment of the synthesis of proteins and pigments in plant tissues related to photosynthesis, and this occurs mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, where the nitrogen concentration in the soil is low [6]. Despite this, according to IFA [7], the Brazilian fertilizer market is vulnerable and dependent, with 4.7 million tons of nitrogen consumed nationally, 70% of which is imported [8], representing an increase of more than 200% between 2000 and 2018 [9].
Technological strategies that reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizers, such as Azospirillum brasilense inoculation, have the potential to significantly reduce the costs of nitrogen fertilization [10]. The bacteria colonize the inside and surface of roots, fix atmospheric nitrogen, solubilize insoluble phosphorus, and stimulate the production of phytohormones such as auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins [11,12]. This not only benefits the grasses’ root development, favouring water and nutrient absorption, but also has the potential to reduce the environmental impact of excessive nitrogen use in agriculture.
Azospirillum brasilense benefits grasses’ root development, favouring water and nutrient absorption [13,14]. In Brazil, Hungria et al. [15], inoculating Urochloa brizantha with Azospirillum brasilense, found a significant increase in forage production (4.6%). When this was associated with nitrogen fertilization (40 kg ha−1 of N), the increase was even greater (24.7%). According to Leite et al. [16], treatment with A. brasilense allowed a 20% reduction in N fertilization and the possibility of mitigating stresses caused by water deficiency.
The market for products of microbiological origin, microbial isolates or metabolites, for sustainable use in agriculture has been growing exponentially, with a projected value of BRL 17 billion for the bioinputs market by 2030 [17]. According to Hungria [18], N fixed by Azospirillum does not entirely replace nitrogen fertilization. However, it can provide savings of USD 2 billion per year for Brazil, reinforcing that using inoculant bacteria is a promising alternative for forming and recovering degraded pastures. This makes related activities sustainable and indirectly contributes to reducing greenhouse gases, making the audience feel environmentally responsible and aware of the potential positive impact on the environment.
The combination of nitrogen fertilization with inoculation benefits grass production. Therefore, it is necessary to know the balance between the doses of N associated with nitrogen-fixing bacteria since each grass species has an optimal point of plant development with the best interaction of bacteria and with the minimum use of external nitrogen fertilization. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the effect of different inoculation techniques of Azospirillum brasilense associated with the dose of nitrogen topdressing on the productive performance of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás is cultivated in the Brazilian Amazon.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Characterization of the Study Area

The experiment was conducted at Experimental Forage Sector of the Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Parauapebas city, Brazil, located at geographic coordinates 49°49′02″ W 6°04′28″ S, from November 2022 to March 2023, during the rainy season, justifying that after March there is a dry period, and as the experimental area does not have irrigation, motivating the end of the experimental data collection. The climate in the region is AW, that is, tropical rainy, with a high volume of precipitation from December to March. The climate data for the experimental period were obtained from the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) (Figure 1). The implementation of the experiment, planting, and germination of forage occurred between November and December 2022.

2.2. Azospirillum Strains and Inoculation Methods

Each experimental plot, meticulously designed, consisted of fifteen rows measuring 6.0 m in length, spaced 0.2 m apart, perpendicular to the slope of the terrain. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks, in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement, with three inoculation methods (control, seed, and foliar) and three nitrogen fertilization doses (0, 75, and 150 kg ha−1 of N), with four replicates. This design was chosen to ensure the validity and reliability of our results by controlling for potential confounding variables. To implement the experiment, a soil correction was performed using 1600 kg ha−1 of dolomitic limestone, followed by phosphate fertilization, with the application of 116 kg ha−1 of P2O5, according to the results of soil analysis, performed according to methodologies described by RAIJ et al. [19] (Table 1). A seeding rate of 4 kg ha−1 was used.
On 15 November 2022, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás was planted, initially with seeds planted without inoculation, followed by treatment with Azospirillum brasilense to avoid contamination between the treatments used. Foliar inoculation, where the plant leaves are treated with the inoculant, was performed when the plants had 4 to 5 leaves with a CO2 pressure backpack sprayer. The stipulated dose of the treatments was 10,000 seeds litre−1, and the inoculant used in liquid form was AzoTotal® obtained from the Total Biotecnologia S.A. company, Curitiba, Brazil, contained a concentration of 2 × 108 CFU per millilitre of the AbV5 and AbV6 strains.
After each collection of plant tissue, the plants were subjected to a uniform cut with a motorized brushcutter. Then, the plots were fertilized with 75 and 150 kg ha−1 of N, using the urea source (45% N), according to the treatments. The nitrogen application was divided into four applications after each cut to ensure a continuous nitrogen supply to the plants throughout the growth period. This strategy was chosen to mimic real-world agricultural practices and to provide a more accurate representation of the plants’ growth and development under normal conditions.

2.3. Data Collection

The study was conducted in four cycles, with time between defoliations defined whenever the grass reached 0.35 cm in height. Pasture height measurements were taken using a graduated ruler, with meticulous care to ensure accuracy. The leaf area index (LAI) was collected using the Accupar ALP-80, Pullman, WA, USA, with measurements taken on the day of cutting and data expressed in m2 of leaf per m2 of soil [20]. Chlorophyll measurements were taken using the at Leaf Chlorophyllometer, FT Green LLC, Wilmington, DE, USA [21]. To determine the tiller population density m2, a 1 m × 0.15 m (0.15 m2) rectangle was used and allocated within the plot by directly counting the number of tillers of the plants within the rectangle immediately before forage collection at the end of each cycle. The cut was made in the centre of the plot with a 0.6 m2 rectangular frame, leaving a residue of 0.15 m in height above the ground. After each collection, the plants were cut to standardize, and then N was applied at doses of 75 and 150 kg ha−1 of N, divided into four applications, according to the treatments.
The collected samples were weighed on a semi-analytical balance. Then the morphological components were separated: leaf (leaf blade), pseudostem, and dead plant material, and the total forage green mass (TFGM), green leaf blade mass, green stem mass, and green dead material mass were determined. Then, the samples were dried in a forced ventilation oven at 55 °C for 72 h, to obtain total forage dry matter (TFDM), dry mass of leaf blade (DMLB), dry stem mass (DSM), and dry mass of dead matter (DMDM) [22].

2.4. Statistical Analysis

The experimental data were subjected to the Shapiro–Wilk (p > 0.01) and Levene (p > 0.01) tests to verify residual normality and homoscedasticity, respectively. Subsequently, the experimental data were subjected to a thorough analysis of variance, and when significant effects were verified, the Tukey mean test was used at 5% probability, using the Sisvar software version 5.3 [23]. This comprehensive statistical analysis, conducted with the utmost care, ensures the robustness of our conclusions.

3. Results

3.1. Herbage Mass in Brachiaria brizantha

The results in Table 2 unveiled a significant interaction (p < 0.05) between the inoculation techniques and the nitrogen doses. This interaction, observed for the variables total forage green mass, total forage dry mass, leaf blade dry mass, and stem dry mass, provides profound insights into the effects of these factors on Brachiaria brizantha, thereby enriching our understanding of plant biology and agricultural practices.
Foliar inoculation of Azospirillum promoted greater total forage green mass for the treatment without nitrogen fertilization compared to the control treatment (not fertilized and absence of inoculation) (Figure 2A). Similar behaviour was observed for total forage dry mass (Figure 2B), in which foliar inoculation had better results than treatments without nitrogen fertilizer application and without Azospirillum brasilense bacteria.
The dry mass of the leaf blade showed a higher value of 150 kg ha−1 when compared to the treatment without fertilization (Figure 3A), verifying that the foliar inoculation resulted in higher values compared to no fertilization and absence of inoculation. The treatment without inoculation at a dose of 150 kg ha−1 of N promoted significantly higher production of dry stem mass, compared to no fertilization and 75 kg ha−1 of N (Figure 3B). Meanwhile, the foliar inoculation resulted in a higher value without nitrogen fertilization when compared to no fertilization and the absence of inoculation.
The results indicate that the inoculation techniques, particularly with foliar application and seed inoculation, led to better values of dry stem mass. This suggests that using bacteria was crucial in reducing the stem in the plant, a fibrous part less desired by animals, which is an important implication of the study.
No interaction or isolated effect of the factors was observed for dry mass dead matter (Table 2). Dead matter indicates the amount of biomass that has passed the useful phase for animal consumption; therefore, smaller amounts of dead matter are preferable, as they indicate greater vigour and renewal of the plant.

3.2. Biomass Components in Brachiaria brizantha

The factors studied did not influence the percentage of leaves, stems, dead material, or chlorophyll value (Table 3). For LAI, no interaction was observed between inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen fertilization (Table 3); however, applying nitrogen at a dose of 75 kg ha−1 promoted greater LAI compared to the treatment without fertilization.
Plant height did not show statistical differences since the plants were collected on the same day. Regarding the number of tillers per m2 (NP), the best values were presented at a dose of 150 kg ha−1 in the control treatment and the foliar inoculation treatment without nitrogen fertilization.

4. Discussion

To increase the efficiency of use of chemical fertilizers and reduce the amount applied in agricultural production environments, the use of inoculants containing growth-promoting bacteria has been used as an alternative [24], verifying that the use of Azospirillum brasilense can reduce the dose of fertilizers applied [25], as it is a typical rhizospheric bacteria, colonizing inside and on the surface of roots, and inoculation increases yield, due to an increase in the dry matter accumulation rate, increase in biomass and height, acceleration in germination rate, and improvements in root system [26].
Azospirillum brasilense is capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen [15], which consists of transforming atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), stimulating the production of growth-promoting hormones (auxins, gibberellin, and cytokinin), modifying root respiration and activities of enzymes in glycolytic pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle [11,27], as well as promoting the solubilization of insoluble mineral phosphorus through the release of phosphatases (to release organic phosphorus) and/or organic acids (to release inorganic phosphorus) [28].
The bacteria benefit grasses by increasing the density and length of absorbent root hairs, increasing the speed of lateral root appearance and root surface volume, allowing the plant to capture water from deeper soil layers during prolonged drought.
The commonly used technique for inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense is in seed treatment. However, it has been shown that foliar inoculation can present similar and/or better results [29,30]. In the present study, foliar inoculation without N application promoted the best results. According to Freitas et al. [31], inoculation can be associated with nitrogen fertilization; however, the benefits of inoculation are inversely proportional to the dose of nitrogen applied—the higher the dose of nitrogen, the lower the benefit provided by inoculation [32].
Germano et al. [33] found that N promotes rapid pasture growth and can promote greater accumulation of dry mass of stems at higher nitrogen doses. However, caution should be exercised, since high nitrogen doses can increase pasture development, with negative consequences on the canopy structure, where higher percentages of stem and dead matter can characterize. The amount of dead matter is one of main factors that can hinder the selection of green forage by animals [34], in which nitrogen fertilization influences the lifespan of the leaf, observing the increase in leaf senescence rates under conditions of high nitrogen availability [35], due to greater tissue renewal in plants [36], and due to competition for light, determined by the increase in leaf elongation rate and larger final size of the leaves [37].
Nitrogen plays a crucial role in plant growth, as it is assimilated and associated with carbon chains, promoting increased cellular constituents and total dry matter production under favourable climatic conditions [38]. However, the benefits of nitrogen supply to forages are accompanied by an increase in the rate of leaf senescence in tropical grasses, due to greater tissue renewal in plants fertilized with nitrogen [36]. In environments with high nitrogen availability, there is a general decrease in leaf lifespan and an increase in the rate of leaf senescence, due to competition for light, the increase in leaf elongation rate, and the larger final size of the leaves [37].
The effect of increasing nitrogen doses on the leaf area index (LAI) results from the plant’s ability to adapt to different nitrogen fertilization conditions, within certain limits. As the nitrogen dose increases, the plant adjusts the leaf area to optimize dry matter production [39]. This adaptation decreases the functional leaf area after a particular stage, as the plant’s growth increases and upper leaves interfere with lower leaves.
Furthermore, high N doses in pastures can, in some situations, reduce leaf area, although nitrogen generally increases leaf area [22,40]. This can happen due to several factors, such as grazing intensity and frequency, forage quality, availability of other nutrients, and environmental conditions. Suppose other nutrients, such as phosphorus, which is essential for energy transfer and storage in plants [41], potassium, which is crucial for enzyme activation and water regulation [42], and calcium, which is important for cell wall structure and membrane integrity [43], are limited. In that case, nitrogen may not be used to its fullest, affecting leaf growth. Changes in growth indices are complex and challenging to interpret, especially in field situations, where environmental factors (water, light, temperature, nutrients, and others) can interact and determine morphophysiological changes in the plant.
N is involved in forming the chlorophyll molecule, and the plant’s need for N can be assessed by indirectly measuring chlorophyll content [44]. These assessments, performed using readings from a portable chlorophyll metre, correspond to the relative chlorophyll content in the plant’s leaf. Increases in N concentrations in the leaf have been detected with increasing amounts of nitrogen fertilization and tend to reach pronounced variations, which decrease as the amount of N applied increases. Thus, under high doses of N, the chlorophyll index measured by the chlorophyll metre tends to increase up to a certain point, after which it remains unchanged or tends to decline. This can be attributed to the fact that the device indirectly detects the increase in N only when it is being incorporated into chlorophyll molecules, and not in the free, unincorporated form (N-NO3−), in which N accumulates when there is luxury consumption, a term used to describe the situation when plants absorb more nutrients than they need for immediate growth and development [45]. Another explanation would be the deleterious effect of the excessive dose of N on the chlorophyll content [46].
Increasing the N dose did not influence the chlorophyll content in the pasture leaves, possibly due to the absence of nutrients that limit chlorophyll synthesis [47,48] or the soil and climate conditions of the site, such as light, temperature, and water availability, which can influence chlorophyll production [49,50], regardless of the amount of nitrogen available.

5. Conclusions

Foliar inoculation of the bacterium Azospirillum brasilense without nitrogen fertilization results in increased yield of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás. The best values of total forage dry mass, leaf blade dry mass, and stem dry mass of grass are obtained by applying 150 kg ha−1 of N to Brachiaria brizantha cultivated in the Brazilian Amazon.
Based on the results obtained, future research will be conducted to assess the benefits of using these bacteria over more forage cycles, allowing for more precise analyses. This research, crucial in advancing sustainable farming, will also deepen the impact of agronomic practices adapted to local conditions on agricultural sustainability by investigating the use of different plant growth-promoting bacteria in pastures cultivated in the Brazilian Amazon. The potential of Azospirillum brasilense to significantly enhance agricultural sustainability is a key focus of this research, as it contributes to making inoculants a more sustainable alternative in forage production, reducing chemical inputs, and sustainably promoting the recycling of nutrients.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, G.M.O.B., P.M.d.S. and R.P.M.; formal analysis, D.d.C.M.; investigation, G.M.O.B., D.H.A.d.Q. and C.d.S.B.; methodology, I.d.J.M.V. and G.d.J.C.; writing—original draft preparation, D.d.C.M., R.S.O. and G.d.J.C.; writing—review and editing, P.H.O.S., R.S.O. and R.P.M.; supervision, R.P.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), grant number: 305228/2020-0; Fundac.o de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Pará (Fapespa), grant number: 048/2021.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for the financial support they received in concluding this work.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Nitrogen 06 00047 g001
Figure 1. Precipitation (mm) and average air temperature (°C) monthly, from November 2022 to March 2023.
Figure 1. Precipitation (mm) and average air temperature (°C) monthly, from November 2022 to March 2023.
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Nitrogen 06 00047 g002
Figure 2. Total forage green mass (A) and total forage dry mass (B) were subjected to inoculation techniques (control, seed, and foliar) and nitrogen fertilization doses (0, 75, and 150 kg ha−1 of N). Capital letters indicate the effect of inoculation techniques within each dose of nitrogen fertilization. Lowercase letters indicate the effect of nitrogen doses in each form of inoculation by the Tukey test at 0.05.
Figure 2. Total forage green mass (A) and total forage dry mass (B) were subjected to inoculation techniques (control, seed, and foliar) and nitrogen fertilization doses (0, 75, and 150 kg ha−1 of N). Capital letters indicate the effect of inoculation techniques within each dose of nitrogen fertilization. Lowercase letters indicate the effect of nitrogen doses in each form of inoculation by the Tukey test at 0.05.
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Figure 3. Dry mass of leaf blade (A) and dry stem mass (B) subjected to inoculation techniques (control, seed, and foliar) and nitrogen fertilization doses (0, 75, and 150 kg ha−1 of N). Capital letters indicate the effect of inoculation techniques within each dose of nitrogen fertilization. Lowercase letters indicate the effect of nitrogen doses in each form of inoculation by the Tukey test at 0.
Figure 3. Dry mass of leaf blade (A) and dry stem mass (B) subjected to inoculation techniques (control, seed, and foliar) and nitrogen fertilization doses (0, 75, and 150 kg ha−1 of N). Capital letters indicate the effect of inoculation techniques within each dose of nitrogen fertilization. Lowercase letters indicate the effect of nitrogen doses in each form of inoculation by the Tukey test at 0.
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Table 1. Soil chemical characteristics.
Table 1. Soil chemical characteristics.
Ca+2Mg+2K+Al+3H + AlP (Melich)MOpH
------------------------- cmolc dm−3 -------------------------mg dm−3g kg−1CaCl2
2.400.660.420.105.003.433.064.80
Table 2. Statistical analysis of A. brasilense inoculation techniques (control, seed, and foliar) and N doses (0; 75; and 150 kg ha−1 of N) for the variables total forage green mass (TFGM, kg ha−1); total forage dry mass (TFDM, kg ha−1); dry mass of leaf blade (DMLB, kg ha−1); dry stem mass (DSM, kg ha−1); and dry mass dead matter (DMDM, kg ha−1) of Brachiaria brizantha cultivated in the Brazilian Amazon.
Table 2. Statistical analysis of A. brasilense inoculation techniques (control, seed, and foliar) and N doses (0; 75; and 150 kg ha−1 of N) for the variables total forage green mass (TFGM, kg ha−1); total forage dry mass (TFDM, kg ha−1); dry mass of leaf blade (DMLB, kg ha−1); dry stem mass (DSM, kg ha−1); and dry mass dead matter (DMDM, kg ha−1) of Brachiaria brizantha cultivated in the Brazilian Amazon.
VariableInoculationDoses (kg ha−1)%CVp-Value
ControlSeedFoliar075150IDI × D
TFGM4184.003930.913970.384054.493993.034037.7713.400.4770.959<0.002
TFDM1002.15847.01974.51872.84941.021009.8013.700.01640.0518<0.0001
DMLB725.19618.90736.37631.64687.73761.0818.400.06290.06250.0002
DSM234.35201.25200.84185.74223.58227.1222.700.16880.08550.0185
DMDM24.0326.8637.3136.8929.7121.6015.350.75230.71190.6041
Table 3. Statistical analysis of A. brasilense inoculation techniques (control, seed, and foliar) and N doses (0; 75; and 150 kg ha−1 of N) for the variables leaf percentage (% Leaf), stem (% stem), dead material (% MM), height (cm), number of tillers (NP), leaf area index (LAI), and chlorophyll (CHL) of Brachiaria brizantha cultivated in the Brazilian Amazon.
Table 3. Statistical analysis of A. brasilense inoculation techniques (control, seed, and foliar) and N doses (0; 75; and 150 kg ha−1 of N) for the variables leaf percentage (% Leaf), stem (% stem), dead material (% MM), height (cm), number of tillers (NP), leaf area index (LAI), and chlorophyll (CHL) of Brachiaria brizantha cultivated in the Brazilian Amazon.
VariableInoculationDoses (kg ha−1)%CVp-Value
ControlSeedFoliar075150IDI × D
%Leaf70.9373.2475.4972.2372.5374.8010.570.36940.68610.2428
%Stem23.6424.4120.8921.3924.7422.8122.400.23250.29810.4362
%MM2.652.353.623.602.632.3915.170.75760.77320.6709
Height38.0235.2136.9137.2234.6338.3018.500.60100.41070.5334
NP668.75513.14607.49607.85565.83615.6923.460.14510.78470.4551
LAI1.591.601.531.461.751.5118.000.82590.03790.2553
CHL33.5532.0032.8831.9632.8333.646.40.21910.17190.8070
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MDPI and ACS Style

Bezerra, G.M.O.; Batista, C.d.S.; Queluz, D.H.A.d.; Coelho, G.d.J.; Mariano, D.d.C.; Simões, P.H.O.; Santos, P.M.d.; Viégas, I.d.J.M.; Okumura, R.S.; Maciel, R.P. Productive Performance of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás in Response to Different Inoculation Techniques of Azospirillum brasilense Associated with Nitrogen Fertilization in the Brazilian Amazon. Nitrogen 2025, 6, 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen6020047

AMA Style

Bezerra GMO, Batista CdS, Queluz DHAd, Coelho GdJ, Mariano DdC, Simões PHO, Santos PMd, Viégas IdJM, Okumura RS, Maciel RP. Productive Performance of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás in Response to Different Inoculation Techniques of Azospirillum brasilense Associated with Nitrogen Fertilization in the Brazilian Amazon. Nitrogen. 2025; 6(2):47. https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen6020047

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bezerra, Gianna Maria Oscar, Cleyton de Souza Batista, Daryel Henrique Abreu de Queluz, Gabriela de Jesus Coelho, Daiane de Cinque Mariano, Pedro Henrique Oliveira Simões, Perlon Maia dos Santos, Ismael de Jesus Matos Viégas, Ricardo Shigueru Okumura, and Raylon Pereira Maciel. 2025. "Productive Performance of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás in Response to Different Inoculation Techniques of Azospirillum brasilense Associated with Nitrogen Fertilization in the Brazilian Amazon" Nitrogen 6, no. 2: 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen6020047

APA Style

Bezerra, G. M. O., Batista, C. d. S., Queluz, D. H. A. d., Coelho, G. d. J., Mariano, D. d. C., Simões, P. H. O., Santos, P. M. d., Viégas, I. d. J. M., Okumura, R. S., & Maciel, R. P. (2025). Productive Performance of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás in Response to Different Inoculation Techniques of Azospirillum brasilense Associated with Nitrogen Fertilization in the Brazilian Amazon. Nitrogen, 6(2), 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen6020047

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