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Article

House Screening Reduces Exposure to Indoor Host-Seeking and Biting Malaria Vectors: Evidence from Rural South-East Zambia

by
Kochelani Saili
1,2,*,
Christiaan de Jager
2,
Freddie Masaninga
3,
Onyango P. Sangoro
1,
Theresia E. Nkya
1,4,
Likulunga Emmanuel Likulunga
5,
Jacob Chirwa
6,
Busiku Hamainza
6,
Emmanuel Chanda
7,
Ulrike Fillinger
1 and
Clifford Maina Mutero
1,2
1
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya
2
University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, School of Health Systems & Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
3
Country Office, World Health Organization, P.O. Box 32346, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
4
Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya 35063, Tanzania
5
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zambia, Great East Road Campus, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
6
National Malaria Elimination Centre, P.O. Box 32509, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
7
WHO Regional Office for Africa, Cite du Djoue, Brazzaville P.O. Box 06, Congo
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9010020
Submission received: 22 November 2023 / Revised: 31 December 2023 / Accepted: 9 January 2024 / Published: 15 January 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Global Burden of Malaria and Control Strategies)
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Abstract

This study evaluated the impact of combining house screens with long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) on mosquito host-seeking, resting, and biting behavior. Intervention houses received house screens and LLINs, while control houses received only LLINs. Centre for Disease Control light traps, pyrethrum spray collections and human landing catches were used to assess the densities of indoor and outdoor host-seeking, indoor resting, and biting behavior of malaria vectors in 15 sentinel houses per study arm per sampling method. The protective efficacy of screens and LLINs was estimated through entomological inoculation rates (EIRs). There were 68% fewer indoor host-seeking Anopheles funestus (RR = 0.32, 95% CI 0.20–0.51, p < 0.05) and 63% fewer An. arabiensis (RR = 0.37, 95% CI 0.22–0.61, p < 0.05) in screened houses than unscreened houses. There was a significantly higher indoor biting rate for unscreened houses (6.75 bites/person/h [b/p/h]) than for screened houses (0 b/p/h) (χ2 = 6.67, df = 1, p < 0.05). The estimated indoor EIR in unscreened houses was 2.91 infectious bites/person/six months, higher than that in screened houses (1.88 infectious bites/person/six months). Closing eaves and screening doors and windows has the potential to reduce indoor densities of malaria vectors and malaria transmission.
Keywords: Anopheles mosquitoes; eaves; entomological inoculation rate; sporozoite infectivity rate Anopheles mosquitoes; eaves; entomological inoculation rate; sporozoite infectivity rate

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MDPI and ACS Style

Saili, K.; de Jager, C.; Masaninga, F.; Sangoro, O.P.; Nkya, T.E.; Likulunga, L.E.; Chirwa, J.; Hamainza, B.; Chanda, E.; Fillinger, U.; et al. House Screening Reduces Exposure to Indoor Host-Seeking and Biting Malaria Vectors: Evidence from Rural South-East Zambia. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9, 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9010020

AMA Style

Saili K, de Jager C, Masaninga F, Sangoro OP, Nkya TE, Likulunga LE, Chirwa J, Hamainza B, Chanda E, Fillinger U, et al. House Screening Reduces Exposure to Indoor Host-Seeking and Biting Malaria Vectors: Evidence from Rural South-East Zambia. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2024; 9(1):20. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9010020

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saili, Kochelani, Christiaan de Jager, Freddie Masaninga, Onyango P. Sangoro, Theresia E. Nkya, Likulunga Emmanuel Likulunga, Jacob Chirwa, Busiku Hamainza, Emmanuel Chanda, Ulrike Fillinger, and et al. 2024. "House Screening Reduces Exposure to Indoor Host-Seeking and Biting Malaria Vectors: Evidence from Rural South-East Zambia" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 9, no. 1: 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9010020

APA Style

Saili, K., de Jager, C., Masaninga, F., Sangoro, O. P., Nkya, T. E., Likulunga, L. E., Chirwa, J., Hamainza, B., Chanda, E., Fillinger, U., & Mutero, C. M. (2024). House Screening Reduces Exposure to Indoor Host-Seeking and Biting Malaria Vectors: Evidence from Rural South-East Zambia. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 9(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9010020

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