Reemergence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Henan Province, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources and Blood Sample Collection
2.2. rK39 Strip Test
2.3. DNA Extraction and kDNA PCR
2.4. ITS1 Amplification, Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Status
3.2. Demographic, Temporal, and Geographic Distribution
3.3. Population Infection
3.4. Canine Infection
3.5. ITS1-PCR and Sequencing Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Alvar, J.; Yactayo, S.; Bern, C. Leishimaniasis and poverty. Trends Parasitol. 2006, 22, 552–557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization [WHO]. Control of the Leishmaniasis; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2010; Volume 9, pp. 5–12. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization [WHO]. Leishmaniasis; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization. Leishmaniasis [EB/OL]. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis (accessed on 10 October 2022).
- Xu, Z.B. Present situation of visceral leishmaniasis in China. Parasitol. Today 1989, 5, 224–228. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, Z.J.; Wu, Z.J. Kala-Azar; People’s Medical Publishing House: Beijing, China, 1956; pp. 433–609. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- He, K.Z.; Wang, J.; Huang, C.M. Collected Papers on the Research of Visceral leishmaniasis (1950–1959); Shanghai Science and Technical Publishers: Shanghai, China, 1959; pp. 34–42. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Wang, J.Y.; Cui, G.; Chen, H.T.; Zhou, X.N.; Gao, C.H.; Yang, Y.T. Current epidemiological profile and features of Visceral leishmaniasis in People’s Republic of China. Parasites Vectors 2012, 5, 31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fu, Q.; Li, S.Z.; Wu, W.P.; Hou, Y.Y.; Zhang, S.; Yu, F. Endemic characteristics of infantile Visceral leishmaniasis in the People’s Republic of China. Parasites Vectors 2013, 6, 143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xiong, G.H.; Hu, Y.D.; Guan, L.R. The natural nidus of kala-azar in northwest China. J. Control Res. Epidemiol. Dis. 1976, 1, 63–68. [Google Scholar]
- Guan, L.R.; Shen, W.X. Recent advances in Visceral leishmaniasis in China. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Pub Health 1991, 22, 291–298. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, Z.J.; Xiong, G.H.; Guan, L.R. Achievement on the epidemiology and control of kala-azar in China. Chin. J. Epidemiol. 2000, 1, 52–55. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Tang, L.H.; Xu, L.Q.; Chen, Y.D. Leishmaniasis—Parasitic Disease Control and Research in China; Beijing Science and Technology Publishing: Beijing, China, 2012; pp. 161–188. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Guan, L.R.; Qu, J.Q.; Chai, J.J. Leishmaniasis in China-present status of prevalence and some suggestions on its Control. Endem. Dis. Bull. 2000, 15, 49–52. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Luo, Z.W.; Zhou, Z.B.; Gong, Y.F.; Feng, J.X.; Li, Y.Y.; Zhang, Y.; Li, S.Z. Current status and challenges of Visceral leishmaniasis in China. Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis. 2022, 40, 146. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Zheng, C.J.; Xue, C.Z.; Wu, W.P.; Zhou, X.N. Epidemiological characteristics of Kala-azar disease in China, during 2005–2015. Chin. J. Epidemiol. 2017, 38, 431–434. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Zhou, Z.B.; Pan, G.Q.; Li, Y.Y.; Liu, Q.; Yang, L.M.; Li, Z.Q.; Ma, Z.T.; Zhang, Y.; Li, S.Z. Prevalence of Visceral leishmaniasis in China in 2021. Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis. 2023, 41, 149–155. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Ma, Y.X.; Shang, L.Y.; Xu, B.L. Analysis and Prevention of Parasitic Diseases in Henan Province; Henan People’s Publishing House: Zhengzhou, China, 2014; pp. 127–133. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Yan, Q.Y.; Shang, L.Y. Surveillance on leishmaniasis in Henan province from 1983 to 1999. J. Pr. Parasit. Dis. 2001, 2, 81–82. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Li, S.H.; Gao, L.J.; Zhang, Y.L.; Zhou, R.M.; Yang, C.Y.; Qian, D.; Liu, Y.; Lu, D.L.; Zhao, Y.L.; Zhang, H.W.; et al. Laboratory diagnosis of an imported case of Visceral leishmaniasis in Henan Province. Chin. J. Schisto Control 2019, 31, 456–459. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Yang, S.L.; Song, L.J.; Ma, G.Q.; Wang, B.Z.; Wang, C.H.; Su, L.J. The investigation of 4 leishmaniasis cases in Anyang city of Henan province. Chin. J. Endem. 2018, 37, 1027. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Li, Y.X.; Cheng, R.; Zhou, R.M.; Yang, C.Y.; Zhang, H.W.; Tian, L.G.; Ai, L. Epidemiological investigation on a new local case of Visceral leishmaniasis in Luoyang City, Henan Province. Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis. 2021, 39, 410–413. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Yang, C.Y.; He, Z.Q.; Lu, D.L.; Qian, D.; Liu, Y.; Li, S.H.; Zhou, R.M.; Deng, Y.; Zhang, H.W.; Wang, H.; et al. Epidemiological investigation on cases of Visceral leishmaniasis in Henan Province in 2020. Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis. 2022, 40, 481–486. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Rodgers, M.R.; Popper, S.J.; Wirth, D.F. Amplification of kinetoplast DNA as a tool in the detection and diagnosis of Leishmania. Exp. Parasitol. 1990, 71, 267–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schonian, G.; Nasereddin, A.; Dinse, N.; Schweynoch, C.; Schalling, H.D.F.H.; Presber, W.; Jaffe, C.L. PCR diagnosis and characterization of Leishmania in local and imported clinical samples. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2003, 47, 349–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Postigo, J.A.R.; Jain, S.; Mikhailov, A.; Maia-Elkhoury, A.N.; Valadas, S.; Warusavithana, S.; Osman, M. Global Leishmaniasis Surveillance: 2019–2020, a Baseline for the 2030 Road Map [EB/OL]. Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-wer9635-401-419 (accessed on 1 November 2022).
- Han, S.; Chen, S.B.; Yang, Z.H.; Feng, Y.; Wu, W.P. Epidemiology of Leishmania Carriers in Tan Chang County, Gansu Province, China. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2021, 11, 645944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, Z.B.; Lu, S.; Zhang, Y.; Li, Y.Y.; Li, S.Z.; Zhou, X.N. Visceral leishmaniasi—China, 2015–2019. China CDC Wkly. 2021, 2, 625–628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, F.P.; Zhang, Z.; Lv, W.; Liu, D.L.; Wang, T.H.; Wang, A.L.; Li, S.Z.; Ma, L.; Cao, L.; Wu, F. Epidemiological analysis of Visceral leishmaniasis in Hancheng City of Shaanxi Province in 2017. Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis. 2018, 36, 483–488. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Zhou, Z.B.; Li, Y.Y.; Zhang, Y.; Li, S.Z. Prevalence of Visceral leishmaniasis in China in 2019. Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis. 2020, 38, 602–607. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Wang, J.Y.; Chen, S.B.; Gao, C.H.; Jin, C.F.; Feng, Y.; Zhang, C.J.; He, H.X.; Yang, C.M.; Yang, T.; Bao, Y.F. Survey on the Leishmania in asymptomatic infection in dogs in Wenxian County of Gansu Province. Chin. J. Zoonoses 2006, 22, 734–737. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Bai, X.F.; Guan, Y.Y.; Wu, W.P.; Han, S.; Wang, L.Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, Y.Y.; Feng, Y.; Li, F.; Ren, D.Y.; et al. An epidemiological investigation of Leishmania donovani infection and its prevalence in the human population and domestic animals in Tanchang County, Gansu Province. J. Path Biol. 2016, 11, 257–261. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Yu, D.W.; Li, F.; Feng, Y.; Yang, C.M.; Yang, J.K.; Li, L.L.; Zhang, Y.F. Risk factors analysis of canines infected Leishmania in Wenxian and Diebu counties of Gansu. China Trop. Med. 2022, 22, 5–8. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Moreno, I.; Álvarez, J.; García, N.; de la Fuente, S.; Martínez, I.; Marino, E.; Toraño, A.; Goyache, J.; Vilas, F.; Domínguez, L.; et al. Detection of anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies in sylvatic lagomorphs from an epidemic area of Madrid using the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test. Vet. Parasitol. 2014, 199, 264–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baneth, G.; Nachum-Biala, Y.; Adamsky, O.; Gunther, I. Leishmania tropica and Leishmania infantum infection in dogs and cats in central Israel. Parasites Vectors 2022, 15, 147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maia, C.; Ramos, C.; Coimbra, M.; Bastos, F.; Martins, A.; Pinto, P.; Nunes, M.; Vieira, M.L.; Cardoso, L.; Campino, L. Bacterial and protozoal agents of feline vector-borne diseases in domestic and stray cats from southern Portugal. Parasites Vectors 2014, 7, 115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Iatta, R.; Mendoza-Roldan, J.A.; Latrofa, M.S.; Cascio, A.; Brianti, E.; Pombi, M.; Gabrielli, S.; Otranto, D. Leishmania tarentolae and Leishmania infantum in humans, dogs and cats in the Pelagie archipelago, southern Italy. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2021, 15, e0009817. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nascimento, L.F.J.; Cirilo, T.M.; Gomes, D.S.; Gomes, A.C.A.; Lima, V.F.S.; Scher, R.; Jain, S.; Fujiwara, R.T.; Dolabella, S.S. Epidemiological and diagnostic aspects of feline leishmaniasis with emphasis on Brazil: A narrative review. Parasitol. Res. 2022, 121, 21–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akhoundi, M.; Kuhls, K.; Cannet, A.; Votýpka, J.; Marty, P.; Delaunay, P.; Sereno, D. A historical overview of the classification, evolution, and dispersion of Leishmania parasites and sandflies. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2016, 10, e0004349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, L.D.; Wang, F.P.; Wang, A.L.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, T.H.; Shi, Y.; Guan, R.H.; Li, W.J. A study on the detection of Bacillus anthracis with multiple real-time quantitative PCR using Taqman LNA probes. J. Path Biol. 2018, 13, 282–286. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Zhao, G.H.; Qu, J.H.; Wang, H.F.; Zhong, W.X.; Li, J.; Cui, Y.; Kong, F.H. Sequence polymorphism analysis of the ITS-1gene of Leishmani a donovani isolates from different epidemic foci in China. J. Path Biol. 2010, 5, 520–523. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, J.G.; Yuan, B.G.; Zhang, J.R.; Zhang, F.N.; Chen, J.P. The relation between canine density, canine infection rate and morbidity of Kala-azar in epidemic zone of Kala-azar in Sichuan Province. J. Trop. Med. 2015, 15, 1255–1257+1261. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
Age Group (Years) | Sex | Total | Constituent (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | |||
0– | 13 | 8 | 21 | 44.68 |
4– | 2 | 2 | 4 | 8.51 |
15– | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 |
20– | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 |
30– | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4.26 |
40– | 6 | 3 | 9 | 19.15 |
50– | 4 | 0 | 4 | 8.51 |
60– | 5 | 2 | 7 | 14.89 |
Total | 32 | 15 | 47 | 100.00 |
City | No. Dog Investigated | No. Positive | Positive Rate/% |
---|---|---|---|
Zhengzhou city | 871 | 267 | 30.65 |
Luoyang city | 523 | 57 | 10.90 |
Anyang city | 948 | 116 | 12.24 |
Total | 2342 | 440 | 18.79 |
Variable | No. Dogs | No. Positive (Rate/%, rK39) | χ2 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||
Male | 479 | 98 (20.46) | 0.2228 | 0.637 | |
Female | 349 | 77 (22.06) | |||
Age/month | |||||
<24 | 343 | 75 (21.87) | 0.1202 | 0.7289 | |
≥24 | 485 | 100 (20.62) | |||
Symptoms | |||||
Mental state | |||||
Active | 810 | 164 (20.25) | 15.2745 | 0.0001 | |
Weak | 18 | 11 (61.11) | |||
Appearance | |||||
Normal | 813 | 167 (20.54) | 7.6362 | 0.0057 | |
Thin | 15 | 8 (53.33) | |||
Blephar secretions | |||||
Normal | 824 | 174 (21.12) | 4.0443 | 0.0443 | |
Abnormal | 4 | 3 (75.00) | |||
Molt | |||||
No | 816 | 168 (20.69) | 7.9705 | 0.0048 | |
Yes | 12 | 7 (58.33) | |||
Skin disease | |||||
No abnormal skin | 812 | 163 (20.07) | 25.6704 | <0.001 | |
Yes | 16 | 12 (75.00) |
Test Method | No. Samples | No. Positive | The Positive Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|
rK39 test | 2342 | 440 | 18.79 |
kDNA PCRs | 929 | 139 | 14.96 |
ITS PCRs | 42 | 28 | 66.67 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Yang, C.; Li, S.; Lu, D.; He, Z.; Wang, D.; Qian, D.; Liu, Y.; Zhou, R.; Ji, P.; Chen, J.-H.; et al. Reemergence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Henan Province, China. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8, 318. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8060318
Yang C, Li S, Lu D, He Z, Wang D, Qian D, Liu Y, Zhou R, Ji P, Chen J-H, et al. Reemergence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Henan Province, China. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2023; 8(6):318. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8060318
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Chengyun, Suhua Li, Deling Lu, Zhiquan He, Dan Wang, Dan Qian, Ying Liu, Ruimin Zhou, Penghui Ji, Jun-Hu Chen, and et al. 2023. "Reemergence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Henan Province, China" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 8, no. 6: 318. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8060318