Plasmodium knowlesi (Pk) Malaria: A Review & Proposal of Therapeutically Rational Exchange (T-REX) of Pk-Resistant Red Blood Cells
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Pathophysiology
2.1. Pk Life Cycle
2.2. RBC Invasion
2.3. Pk Intraerythrocytic Cycle
2.4. RBC Deformability
2.5. Cytoadhesion & SICA Antigens
2.6. Pediatric Patients Rarely Develop Severe Pk Malaria
2.7. Tissue Expression of Duffy Antigen
3. Clinical Course
3.1. Signs and Symptoms
3.2. Deaths
4. Differential Diagnosis
5. Pk Diagnosis
5.1. Microscopy
5.2. Molecular Testing
5.3. RDTs
5.4. Uncomplicated Vs. Severe Malaria
6. Rapidly Increasing Numbers of Pk Malaria Cases
7. Currently Still No Pk Vaccine
8. Antimalarial Medications
9. Manual Exchange Transfusion (ET)/Automated RBC Exchange (RBCX)
9.1. Manual ET/RBCX
9.2. Manual ET/RBCX for Malaria
10. Therapeutically Rational Exchange Transfusion (T-REX)
10.1. T-REX of Fy(a-b-) RBCs
10.2. T-REX of G6PDd RBCs
10.3. T-REX of Southeast Asian Ovalocytes
10.4. Performing Anti-Pk T-REX
10.5. Timeline of Therapeutic Benefits of Anti-Pk T-REX
10.6. After Anti-Pk T-REX
11. ABO Blood Group and Pk Malaria
12. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviation
References
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RBCs | Evidence for Resistance against Pk |
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Fy(a-b-) |
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G6PDd |
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SAO |
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Jajosky, R.P.; Wu, S.-C.; Jajosky, P.G.; Stowell, S.R. Plasmodium knowlesi (Pk) Malaria: A Review & Proposal of Therapeutically Rational Exchange (T-REX) of Pk-Resistant Red Blood Cells. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8, 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8100478
Jajosky RP, Wu S-C, Jajosky PG, Stowell SR. Plasmodium knowlesi (Pk) Malaria: A Review & Proposal of Therapeutically Rational Exchange (T-REX) of Pk-Resistant Red Blood Cells. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2023; 8(10):478. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8100478
Chicago/Turabian StyleJajosky, Ryan Philip, Shang-Chuen Wu, Philip G. Jajosky, and Sean R. Stowell. 2023. "Plasmodium knowlesi (Pk) Malaria: A Review & Proposal of Therapeutically Rational Exchange (T-REX) of Pk-Resistant Red Blood Cells" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 8, no. 10: 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8100478