The Prevalence of Self-Reported Tuberculosis in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India: Evidence from the NFHS-IV and V
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Source of Data
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Prevalence of TB
3.3. Factors Associated with Self-Reported TB
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NFHS-IV | NFHS-V | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-Reported TB | Crude Prevalence (95% CI) | Adjusted TB Prevalence (95% CI) | Self-Reported TB | Crude Prevalence (95% CI) | Adjusted TB Prevalence (95% CI) | |||||||
Popn-10,288 | TB-80 | Popn-9388 | TB-34 | |||||||||
N | % | n | % | N | % | n | % | |||||
Age Group (in Years) | ||||||||||||
0 to 14 | 2451 | 23.9% | 3 | 9.0% | 122 (25, 357) | 234 (19, 967) | 1963 | 20.9% | 2 | 5.9% | 102 (12, 368) | 62 (5, 260) |
15 to 24 | 1684 | 16.7% | 11 | 25.4% | 653 (327, 1166) | 946 (329, 2116) | 1260 | 13.4% | 7 | 20.6% | 556 (224, 1141) | 315 (76, 855) |
25 to 34 | 1900 | 19.8% | 15 | 23.3% | 789 (443, 1299) | 723 (310, 1428) | 1660 | 17.7% | 5 | 14.7% | 301 (98, 702) | 79 (26, 182) |
35 to 44 | 1692 | 16.4% | 17 | 19.2% | 1005 (586, 1604) | 718 (250, 1606) | 1555 | 16.6% | 3 | 8.8% | 193 (40, 563) | 53 (11, 154) |
45 to 54 | 1243 | 11.7% | 10 | 6.6% | 805 (386, 1475) | 345 (100, 851) | 1316 | 14.0% | 6 | 17.6% | 456 (167, 990) | 581 (140, 1570) |
55 to 64 | 794 | 7.1% | 14 | 7.5% | 1763 (967, 2941) | 643 (199, 1535) | 998 | 10.6% | 5 | 14.7% | 501 (163, 1165) | 219 (54, 588) |
≥65 | 524 | 4.5% | 10 | 9.0% | 1908 (919, 3482) | 1230 (359, 3017) | 636 | 6.8% | 6 | 17.6% | 943 (347, 2042) | 616 (142, 1706) |
Gender | ||||||||||||
Male | 5253 | 50.5% | 53 | 52.9% | 1009 (757, 1318) | 642 (370, 1034) | 4800 | 51.1% | 18 | 52.9% | 375 (222, 592) | 219 (101, 414) |
Female | 5035 | 49.5% | 27 | 47.1% | 536 (354, 779) | 588 (310, 1011) | 4588 | 48.9% | 16 | 47.1% | 349 (199, 566) | 223 (85, 473) |
Residence Area | ||||||||||||
Urban | 1692 | 42.0% | 11 | 49.9% | 650 (325, 1160) | 724 (362, 1292) | 1952 | 20.8% | 2 | 5.9% | 102 (12, 370) | 107 (13, 386) |
Rural | 8596 | 58.1% | 69 | 50.2% | 803 (625, 1015) | 535 (349, 785) | 7436 | 79.2% | 32 | 94.1% | 430 (295, 607) | 289 (153, 496) |
Tribal Population | ||||||||||||
Non-Tribes | 7156 | 93.2% | 32 | 81.6% | 447 (306, 631) | 539 (338, 815) | 6822 | 72.7% | 9 | 26.5% | 132 (60, 250) | 164 (67, 334) |
Tribes | 3132 | 6.8% | 48 | 18.4% | 1533 (1132, 2027) | 1653 (932, 2703) | 2566 | 27.3% | 25 | 73.5% | 974 (631, 1435) | 801 (493, 1229) |
Education | ||||||||||||
No Education | 3502 | 31.9% | 25 | 30.3% | 714 (463, 1052) | 587 (273, 1098) | 3087 | 32.9% | 15 | 44.1% | 486 (272, 800) | 260 (103, 543) |
Primary | 4953 | 47.0% | 44 | 55.9% | 888 (646, 1191) | 731 (412, 1198) | 4419 | 47.1% | 12 | 35.3% | 272 (140, 474) | 185 (60, 433) |
Secondary or Higher | 1833 | 21.2% | 11 | 13.8% | 600 (300, 1071) | 400 (132, 923) | 1882 | 20.0% | 7 | 20.6% | 372 (150, 765) | 237 (56, 648) |
Wealth Index | ||||||||||||
Poorest/Poorer | 5441 | 40.1% | 53 | 57.9% | 974 (730, 1272) | 889 (513, 1432) | 5034 | 53.6% | 24 | 70.6% | 477 (306, 709) | 241 (131, 407) |
Middle | 2236 | 19.9% | 17 | 23.3% | 760 (444, 1215) | 718 (315, 1395) | 1749 | 18.6% | 5 | 14.7% | 286 (93, 666) | 278 (43, 914) |
Richer/Richest | 2611 | 40.0% | 10 | 18.8% | 383 (184, 703) | 289 (104, 638) | 2605 | 27.7% | 5 | 14.7% | 192 (62, 447) | 172 (42, 462) |
Districts | ||||||||||||
Nicobars | 3952 | 7.0% | 52 | 15.1% | 1316 (984, 1722) | 1322 (861, 1940) | 3223 | 34.3% | 25 | 73.5% | 776 (503, 1143) | 852 (535, 1286) |
North and Middle | 3073 | 26.8% | 8 | 11.4% | 260 (112, 512) | 265 (104, 552) | 3014 | 32.1% | 4 | 11.8% | 133 (36, 339) | 127 (22, 400) |
South | 3263 | 66.2% | 20 | 73.5% | 613 (375, 945) | 681 (404, 1074) | 3151 | 33.6% | 5 | 14.7% | 159 (52, 370) | 180 (57, 425) |
Overall | ||||||||||||
10,288 | 100.0% | 80 | 0.6% | 778 (617, 967) | 615 (418, 873) | 9388 | 100.0% | 34 | 0.4% | 362 (251, 506) | 221 (122, 367) |
Factors | NFHS–IV | NFHS-V | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Public | Private | p-Value | Public | Private | p-Value | |||||
N | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Age Group (in Years) | ||||||||||
0 to 14 | 2458 | 24.0% | 37 | 21.8% | 0.838 | 1932 | 20.9% | 31 | 14.1% | 0.089 |
15 to 24 | 1708 | 16.8% | 23 | 13.1% | 1215 | 13.9% | 45 | 20.5% | ||
25 to 34 | 1894 | 19.7% | 42 | 21.9% | 1625 | 18.9% | 35 | 16.4% | ||
35 to 44 | 1687 | 16.4% | 28 | 16.9% | 1520 | 16.4% | 35 | 15.8% | ||
45 to 54 | 1229 | 11.6% | 22 | 13.0% | 1277 | 13.5% | 39 | 16.7% | ||
55 to 64 | 787 | 7.1% | 15 | 8.0% | 976 | 10.1% | 22 | 10.4% | ||
≥65 | 523 | 4.4% | 9 | 5.3% | 622 | 6.3% | 14 | 6.1% | ||
Gender | ||||||||||
Male | 5239 | 50.6% | 87 | 47.9% | 0.279 | 4692 | 51.5% | 108 | 48.5% | 0.223 |
Female | 5047 | 49.4% | 89 | 52.1% | 4475 | 48.5% | 113 | 51.5% | ||
Residence Area | ||||||||||
Urban | 1569 | 40.4% | 134 | 83.1% | <0.001 | 1783 | 35.4% | 169 | 77.7% | <0.001 |
Rural | 8717 | 59.6% | 42 | 16.9% | 7384 | 64.6% | 52 | 22.3% | ||
Tribal Population | ||||||||||
Non-Tribes | 7127 | 93.1% | 172 | 97.4% | 0.300 | 6613 | 90.9% | 209 | 95.1% | 0.377 |
Tribes | 3159 | 7.0% | 4 | 2.6% | 2554 | 9.2% | 12 | 5.0% | ||
Education | ||||||||||
No Education | 3511 | 32.1% | 45 | 24.8% | 0.024 | 3039 | 32.0% | 48 | 21.9% | <0.001 |
Primary | 4962 | 47.2% | 69 | 42.1% | 4355 | 46.5% | 64 | 28.5% | ||
Secondary or Higher | 1813 | 20.7% | 62 | 33.0% | 1773 | 21.5% | 109 | 49.6% | ||
Wealth Index | ||||||||||
Poorest/Poorer | 5506 | 41.2% | 25 | 11.3% | 0.007 | 5021 | 41.6% | 13 | 6.1% | <0.001 |
Middle | 2221 | 19.8% | 38 | 21.6% | 1712 | 20.2% | 37 | 17.1% | ||
Richer/Richest | 2559 | 39.0% | 113 | 67.1% | 2434 | 38.3% | 171 | 76.9% | ||
Districts | ||||||||||
Nicobars | 3994 | 7.2% | 1 | 0.0% | <0.001 | 3223 | 8.8% | 0 | 0.0% | <0.001 |
North and Middle Andaman | 3148 | 27.8% | 4 | 1.0% | 3007 | 30.6% | 7 | 1.8% | ||
South Andaman | 3144 | 65.0% | 171 | 98.9% | 2937 | 60.6% | 214 | 98.2% | ||
Self-reported TB Disease | ||||||||||
Non-TB | 10,207 | 99.4% | 175 | 99.4% | 0.943 | 9134 | 99.8% | 220 | 99.5% | 0.432 |
TB | 79 | 0.6% | 1 | 0.7% | 33 | 0.2% | 1 | 0.5% | ||
TB Treatment Service Providers | ||||||||||
None/No treatment | 2 | 7.5% | 0 | 0.0% | 0.978 | 3 | 12.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 0.003 |
Yes, public sector only | 74 | 84.4% | 1 | 100.0% | 29 | 86.3% | 0 | 0.0% | ||
Yes, private sector only | 1 | 4.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 100.0% | ||
Yes, both sectors | 2 | 4.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 1.6% | 0 | 0.0% | ||
Overall | ||||||||||
10,286 | 96.5% | 176 | 3.6% | 9167 | 95.7% | 221 | 4.3% |
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Thiruvengadam, K.; Krishnan, R.; Muniyandi, M. The Prevalence of Self-Reported Tuberculosis in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India: Evidence from the NFHS-IV and V. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8, 464. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8100464
Thiruvengadam K, Krishnan R, Muniyandi M. The Prevalence of Self-Reported Tuberculosis in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India: Evidence from the NFHS-IV and V. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2023; 8(10):464. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8100464
Chicago/Turabian StyleThiruvengadam, Kannan, Rajendran Krishnan, and Malaisamy Muniyandi. 2023. "The Prevalence of Self-Reported Tuberculosis in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India: Evidence from the NFHS-IV and V" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 8, no. 10: 464. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8100464