Needs Assessment of Southeastern United States Vector Control Agencies: Capacity Improvement Is Greatly Needed to Prevent the Next Vector-Borne Disease Outbreak
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey Development
2.2. Identification of Recipients
2.3. Distribution
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Survey Responses and Respondent Characteristics
3.2. Vector Surveillance Results
3.3. Vector-Borne Diseases Reported
3.4. Agency Demographic Associated Capabilities
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All Participants | Agency Size > 100,000 Residents 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Number (%) | Number (%) | p-Value 2; OR 3 (95% CI) | |
Vector(s) agency controls for: | |||
Mosquitoes | 136 (96%) | 69 (99%) | 0.136 |
Ticks | 11 (8%) | 2 (3%) | 0.046; 0.20 (0.04–0.97) |
Other 4 | 20 (14%) | 9 (13%) | 0.654 |
Surveillance conducted all-year (vs. summer only) | 63 (49%) | 41 (65%) | <0.001; 3.82 (1.83–7.96) |
Surveillance type: | |||
Vector collections | 92 (70%) | 46 (71%) | 0.848 |
Pathogen testing | 39 (30%) | 27 (42%) | 0.005; 3.14 (1.41–6.97) |
Adulticides used: | |||
Malathion | 24 (20%) | 17 (27%) | 0.044; 2.70 (1.03–7.10) |
Permethrin | 99 (83%) | 49 (79%) | 0.324 |
Larvicides used: | |||
Biological control | 81 (66%) | 52 (81%) | <0.001; 4.49 (1.99–10.14) |
Growth regulators | 76 (62%) | 48 (75%) | 0.002; 3.33 (1.55–7.19) |
Contact insecticides | 41 (34%) | 27 (42%) | 0.043; 2.24 (1.03–4.89) |
Stomach insecticides | 61 (50%) | 37 (58%) | 0.056 |
Insecticide applied at least biweekly | 45 (35%) | 28 (41%) | 0.031; 2.21 (1.08–4.53) |
Major equipment: | |||
Organization-owned truck | 106 (81%) | 58 (88%) | 0.057 |
Organization-owned aerial | 35 (27%) | 24 (36%) | 0.010; 3.03 (1.31–7.03) |
Contractor | 19 (15%) | 11 (17%) | 0.526 |
Conducts vector speciation in-house | 81 (56%) | 54 (77%) | <0.001; 6.23 (2.99–12.98) |
Conducts disease testing in-house | 9 (6%) | 5 (7%) | 0.683 |
Performs community outreach and education | 120 (83%) | 61 (87%) | 0.169 |
Conducts GIS or mapping in-house | 94 (64%) | 59 (83%) | <0.001; 5.78 (2.68–12.50) |
Conducts insecticide resistance testing in-house | 54 (44%) | 37 (66%) | <0.001; 5.50 (2.51–12.02) |
All Participants | Agency Part of Local Health Department 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Number (%) | Number (%) | p-Value 2; OR (95% CI) 3 | |
Vector(s) agency controls for: | |||
Mosquitos | 136 (96%) | 62 (46%) | N/A |
Ticks | 11 (8%) | 68 (48%) | 0.034; 5.49 (1.14–26.41) |
Other 4 | 20 (14%) | 12 (60%) | 0.246 |
Surveillance conducted all-year (vs. summer only) | 63 (49%) | 29 (46%) | 0.989 |
Surveillance type: | |||
Vector collections | 92 (70%) | 40 (43%) | 0.278 |
Pathogen testing | 39 (30%) | 16 (41%) | 0.409 |
Adulticides used: | |||
Malathion | 24 (20%) | 6 (25%) | 0.099 |
Permethrin | 99 (83%) | 39 (39%) | 0.769 |
Larvicides used: | |||
Biological control | 81 (66%) | 34 (42%) | 0.754 |
Growth regulators | 76 (62%) | 31 (41%) | 0.955 |
Contact insecticides | 41 (34%) | 18 (44%) | 0.641 |
Stomach insecticides | 61 (50%) | 19 (31%) | 0.028; 0.44 (0.21–1.71) |
Insecticide applied at least biweekly | 45 (35%) | 17 (38%) | 0.127 |
Major equipment: | |||
Organization-owned truck | 106 (81%) | 39 (37%) | 0.002; 0.23 (0.09–0.60) |
Organization-owned aerial | 35 (27%) | 13 (37%) | 0.376 |
Contractor | 19 (15%) | 9 (47%) | 0.714 |
Conducts vector speciation in-house | 81 (56%) | 34 (42%) | 0.089 |
Conducts disease testing in-house | 9 (6%) | 5 (56%) | 0.607 |
Performs community outreach and education | 120 (83%) | 59 (49%) | 0.405 |
Conducts GIS or mapping in-house | 94 (64%) | 38 (40%) | 0.027; 0.56 (0.23–0.92) |
Conducts insecticide resistance testing in-house | 54 (44%) | 23 (43%) | 0.126 |
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Dye-Braumuller, K.C.; Gordon, J.R.; Johnson, D.; Morrissey, J.; McCoy, K.; Dinglasan, R.R.; Nolan, M.S. Needs Assessment of Southeastern United States Vector Control Agencies: Capacity Improvement Is Greatly Needed to Prevent the Next Vector-Borne Disease Outbreak. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7, 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7050073
Dye-Braumuller KC, Gordon JR, Johnson D, Morrissey J, McCoy K, Dinglasan RR, Nolan MS. Needs Assessment of Southeastern United States Vector Control Agencies: Capacity Improvement Is Greatly Needed to Prevent the Next Vector-Borne Disease Outbreak. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2022; 7(5):73. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7050073
Chicago/Turabian StyleDye-Braumuller, Kyndall C., Jennifer R. Gordon, Danielle Johnson, Josie Morrissey, Kaci McCoy, Rhoel R. Dinglasan, and Melissa S. Nolan. 2022. "Needs Assessment of Southeastern United States Vector Control Agencies: Capacity Improvement Is Greatly Needed to Prevent the Next Vector-Borne Disease Outbreak" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 5: 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7050073