Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Infection Rates of Schistosome Transmitting Snails in Southern Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategies and Inclusion Criteria
2.2. Data Extraction and Quality Appraisal
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Search Results
3.2. Study Characteristics and PPE Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Citation Name | Study Duration | Sample Size | Positive | Infection Rate (%) | Snail Species | Country | Method of Diagnosis | Sampling Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chimbari et al. (2003) [a] [33] | 1 year | 120 | 4 | 3.33 | B. globosus | Zimbabwe | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Chimbari et al. (2003) [33] [b] | 1 year | 42 | 2 | 4.76 | B. pfeifferi | Zimbabwe | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Chimbari et al. 2020 [a] [19] | 3 years | 303 | 0 | 0 | B. globosus | Botswana | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Chimbari et al. (2020) [b] [19] | 3 years | 199 | 0 | 0 | B. pfeifferi | Botswana | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Chandiwana et al. (1988) [1a] [38] | 2 years | 4237 | 142 | 3.35 | B. globosus | Zimbabwe | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Chandiwana et al. (1988) [1b] [38] | 2 years | 1163 | 9 | 0.77 | B. pfeifferi | Zimbabwe | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Mutsaka-Makuvaza et al. (2020) [43] | 1 year | 1542 | 30 | 1.95 | B. globosus | Zimbabwe | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Chirundo et al. (2005) [a] [41] | 1 month | 34 | 0 | 0 | B. globosus | Zimbabwe | Cercarial shedding | Cross-sectional |
Chirundo et al. (2005) [b] [41] | 1 month | 86 | 0 | 0 | B. pfeifferi | Zimbabwe | Cercarial shedding | Cross-sectional |
Allan et al. (2017) [18] | 2 months | 173 | 25 | 14.45 | B. globosus | Angola | Cercarial shedding | Cross-sectional |
Manyangadze et al. (2021) [a] [30] | 1 year | 861 | 77 | 8.94 | B. globosus | South Africa | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Manyangadze et al. (2021) [a] [30] | 1 year | 985 | 1 | 0.10 | B. pfeifferi | South Africa | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Chandiwana et al. (1986) [34] | 2 years | 1347 | 41 | 3.04 | B. pfeifferi | Zimbabwe | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Woolhouse et al. (1989) [45] | 2 months | 225 | 28 | 12.44 | B. globosus | Zimbabwe | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Traquinho et al. (1998) [a] [26] | 2 months | 407 | 345 | 84.77 | Bulinus spp. | Mozambique | Cercarial shedding | Cross-sectional |
Traquinho et al. (1998) [b] [26] | 2 months | 31 | 19 | 61.29 | Biomphalaria spp. | Mozambique | Cercarial shedding | Cross-sectional |
Bayer et al. (1954) [a] [27] | 2 months | 482 | 31 | 6.43 | Bulinus spp. | South Africa | Cercarial shedding | Cross-sectional |
Bayer et al. (1954) [b] [27] | 2 months | 520 | 53 | 10.19 | Biomphalaria spp. | South Africa | Cercarial shedding | Cross-sectional |
Cetron et al. (1996) [21] | 2 months | 370 | 1 | 0.27 | Bulinus spp. | Malawi | Cercarial shedding | Cross-sectional |
Chingwena et al. (2002) [a] [40] | 2 years | 2934 | 73 | 2.49 | Bulinus spp. | Zimbabwe | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Chingwena et al. (2002) [b] [40] | 2 years | 2535 | 1 | 0.04 | Biomphalaria spp. | Zimbabwe | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
KN de Kock et al. (2004) [29] | Not stated | 1639 | 0 | 0 | Biomphalaria spp. | South Africa | Cercarial shedding | Cross-sectional |
Donney et al. (1985) [28] | 1 year 4 months | 3062 | 62 | 2.02 | Biomphalaria spp. | South Africa | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Van Renburg et al. (2016) [a] [20] | 2 months | 333 | 0 | 0 | Bulinus spp. | Botswana | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Van Renburg et al. (2016) [b] [20] | 2 months | 325 | 8 | 2.46 | Biomphalaria spp. | Botswana | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Webster et al. (2010) [44] | 1 month | 1099 | 42 | 3.82 | Biomphalaria spp. | Zimbabwe | Cercarial shedding | Cross-sectional |
Wolmarans et al. (2001) [a] [31] | 1 year | 767 | 130 | 16.95 | Bulinus spp. | South Africa | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Wolmarans et al. (2001) [b] [31] | 1 year | 932 | 108 | 11.59 | Biomphalaria spp. | South Africa | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Mutsaka-Mukuvaza et al. (2020) [42] | 1 year | 542 | 4 | 0.74 | Biomphalaria spp. | Zimbabwe | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Madsen et al. (2011) [23] | 3 years 10 months | 122 | 0.25 | Bulinus spp. | Malawi | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal | |
Madsen et al. (2011) [1a] [22] | 4 years | 1970 | 20 | 1.02 | Bulinus spp. | Malawi | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Madsen et al. (2011) [1b] [22] | 4 years | 6664 | 22 | 0.33 | Bulinus spp. | Malawi | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Chandiwana et al. (1987) [35] | 2 years | 4452 | 164 | 3.68 | Bulinus spp. | Zimbabwe | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Chandiwana et al. (1988) [2a] [36] | 2 years | 1851 | 222 | 11.99 | Bulinus spp. | Zimbabwe | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Chandiwana et al. (1988) [2b] [36] | 2 years | 715 | 16 | 2.24 | Biomphalaria spp. | Zimbabwe | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Chandiwana et al. (1987) [a] [37] | 2 years | 4452 | 617 | 13.86 | Bulinus spp. | Zimbabwe | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Chandiwana et al. (1987) [b] [37] | 2 years | 1347 | 41 | 3.04 | Biomphalaria spp. | Zimbabwe | Cercarial shedding | Longitudinal |
Chandiwana et al. (1991) [39] | 2 months | 285 | 12 | 4.21 | Bulinus spp. | Zimbabwe | Cercarial shedding | Cross-sectional |
Mungomba et al. (1995) [a] [32] | 1 month | 135 | 4 | 2.96 | Bulinus spp. | Zambia | Cercarial shedding | Cross-sectional |
Mungomba et al. (1995) [a] [32] | 1 month | 215 | 17 | 7.91 | Biomphalaria spp. | Zambia | Cercarial shedding | Cross-sectional |
Madsen et al. (2001) [24] | 1 month | 992 | 5 | 0.50 | Bulinus spp. | Malawi | Cercarial shedding | Cross-sectional |
Poole et al. (2014) [25] | 1 month | 250 | 0 | 0 | Bulinus spp. | Malawi | Cercarial shedding | Cross-sectional |
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Nwoko, O.E.; Kalinda, C.; Chimbari, M.J. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Infection Rates of Schistosome Transmitting Snails in Southern Africa. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7, 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7050072
Nwoko OE, Kalinda C, Chimbari MJ. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Infection Rates of Schistosome Transmitting Snails in Southern Africa. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2022; 7(5):72. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7050072
Chicago/Turabian StyleNwoko, Onyekachi Esther, Chester Kalinda, and Moses John Chimbari. 2022. "Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Infection Rates of Schistosome Transmitting Snails in Southern Africa" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 5: 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7050072