Next Article in Journal
Space–Time Clustering and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Mortality from Diarrhea in Alagoas, Northeastern Brazil: A 20-Year Population-Based Study
Next Article in Special Issue
First Molecular Detection of Pathogens Leptospira in Common Rodent Captured in North Algeria Urban Areas
Previous Article in Journal
Strongyloides stercoralis: A Neglected but Fatal Parasite
Previous Article in Special Issue
Epidemiology of Leptospirosis: The First Literature Review of the Neglected Disease in the Middle East
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
TropicalMed
Volume 7
Issue 10
10.3390/tropicalmed7100311
tropicalmed-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Leptospira borgpetersenii Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins and Derived Peptides in an Indirect ELISA Development for the Diagnosis of Canine Leptospiral Infections

by
Sineenat Sripattanakul
1,2,†,
Teerasak Prapong
3,4,†,
Attapon Kamlangdee
5,
Gerd Katzenmeier
3,4,
Dietmar Haltrich
6,
Ratchanee Hongprayoon
1 and
Siriwan Prapong
1,2,3,4,*
1
The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, The Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
2
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
3
Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
4
One-Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
5
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaengsaen Campus, Nakorn Pathom 73140, Thailand
6
Department of Food Sciences and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,1180 Vienna, Austria
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7(10), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7100311
Submission received: 7 September 2022 / Revised: 1 October 2022 / Accepted: 11 October 2022 / Published: 17 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leptospirosis and One Health Approach: Current Status and Future Prospects)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Domestic and stray dogs can be frequently infected by Leptospira, and thus may represent a source for transmission of this zoonotic disease in Thailand. Here, we have used peptides derived from a recombinant leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein of Leptospira, rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M, for the development of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) aimed at detecting antibodies against Leptospira interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, and L. biflexa, the three major seroprevalences in Thai dogs. The rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein is recognized by hyperimmune sera against several leptospiral serovars. The epitope peptides of the rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M showed binding affinities with lower IC50 values than peptides of known antigenic protein LipL32. Four peptides, 2012-3T, 2012-4B, 2012-5B and pool 2012-B, were specifically recognized by rabbit hyperimmune sera against nine serovars from three Leptospira spp. The indirect peptide-based ELISAs with these four peptides were evaluated with the LipL32 ELISA by using a receiver–operator curve (ROC) analysis. All peptides had an area under the curve of ROC (AUC) greater than 0.8, and the sum of sensitivity and specificity for each peptide was greater than 1.5. The degree of agreement of 2012-3T and pool 2012-B and 2012-4B and 2012-5B peptides were in moderate-to-good levels with kappa values of 0.41–0.60 and 0.61–0.80, when compared with LipL32, respectively. This finding would suggest an excellent capability of the 2012-4B and 2012-5B peptide-based ELISAs assay for the diagnosis of canine leptospiral infections.

1. Introduction

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus Leptospira for which recent classifications report 64 species and over 260 serovars [1,2]. In general, signs and symptoms for leptospirosis can range from subclinical to severe clinical signs and death. The general symptoms in dogs are fever, anorexia, conjunctival suffusion, vomiting, myalgia, abdominal pain, jaundice, renal failure, hemorrhage, liver and pulmonary diseases. Signs and symptoms of an infection can range from asymptomatic to severe and even death, depending on the serotype of Leptospira and the host [3]. The estimated number of annual cases in humans is 1.03 million, including 58,900 fatal cases worldwide [4]. The highest and lowest number of cases and deaths of leptospirosis in the Thai population from 2006–2020 were around 1638–5439 cases and 24–73 deaths per year [5]. Because of Thai culture, people bigheartedly provide food to stray dogs and the stray dogs live in the public areas in the community. Thus, Thai people stay in close contact to both family and stray dogs, especially in rural areas. Therefore, Leptospiral-infected dogs would be prone to carry this zoonotic disease to the Thai population.
The estimated population of dogs in Thailand was around 7 million in 2016, comprising 6.6 million owned dogs and 750,000 stray dogs [6]. The stray dogs have become a public health concern in Thailand, since the numbers increase annually [7]. Stray dogs in Thai urban cities caused noise pollution, road accidents, dog attacks, garbage scavenging, disease transmission (e.g., rabies and leptospirosis), nonhygienic and other problems. The seroprevalence of Leptospira of stray dogs in Bangkok was as high as 83.5%, as observed by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) [7]. Stray dogs are considered an important reservoir of leptospirosis [8,9,10]. Due to their habits, dogs are top predators of many rodents, which are a common reservoir of leptospirosis [11]. In addition, scavenging garbage, smelling urine and licking female genitalia are ways for the transmission to other animals and the environment [10]. Leptospiral infection in dogs can be subclinical or display mild clinical signs, such as fever, lethargy, vomiting and anorexia [11]. Some infections can lead to severe symptoms, e.g., jaundice, kidney, liver and pulmonary failure and death [12].
The prevalence of Leptospirosis, analyzed by antisera detection with either microscopic agglutination test (MAT), latex agglutination test (LAT) or ELISA, varies from 4.3 to 89.1% in the Thai dog population [7,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]. However, the prevalence of presenting Leptospira pathogens in Thai dogs ranged from 0.37–6.89% and from 0.54–10.3%, when the antigens were investigated by culturing and molecular diagnosis (e.g., PCR), respectively [13,14,20]. Data for the exact incidence of Leptospirosis in Thai dog populations show inconsistency depending on the identification method used.
Although the MAT is still considered as a gold standard method, it is very tedious, time consuming and cost-intensive for the cultures and maintenance of Leptospira reference strains. The PCR method is a very sensitive technique. It is a useful diagnostic tool when the animals have an acute leptospirosis and a phase of leptospiremia. The latex agglutination test (LAT) and ELISA techniques are very effective and convenient to handle and to identify antibodies against Leptospira in serum and plasma samples from animals who had either been infected previously or in acute leptospirosis. However, the suitable antigens for ELISA development must be selected thoroughly, since the commercial vaccines used for veterinary purposes are usually whole cell leptospiral vaccines.
The whole-cell leptospiral vaccines could cause some cross reactivities in vaccinated animals with some major immunogenic outer membrane proteins, such as LipL32, LipL41, LigA, LigB, FcpA and Ompl1 proteins, which have been found in a wide range of immune responses in vaccination experiments and in infected animals [21,22,23,24,25]. Therefore, the development of an ELISA utilizing Leptospira proteins, which are expressed mainly after an infection, would offer the prospect of an effective diagnostic tool. Some leptospiral proteins, such as LigB and OmpL37, were reported to show upregulated expression in vivo, where they play a role in the early invasion processes either by binding to host cells EMC proteins or by molecular mimicry process [26,27,28].
The molecular mimicry is a well-known process by which leucine-rich repeat proteins (such as LRR20) of the pathogen compete with the functions of the host to adhere to and invade the host cell [29,30,31]. Proteins containing leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) have been predicted and reported to function in bacterial host–pathogen interactions, membrane anchoring and invasion, such as proteins Internalin A, B, YopM, and LRR20 [30,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39]. Therefore, Leptospiral LRR proteins may be of interest as candidates for the development of Leptospirosis diagnostic tools.
Recently, bioinformatics studies revealed that the pathogenic Leptospira strains possess more leucine-rich repeat (LRR) genes than non-pathogenic strains [40,41]. There is an LRR protein-encoding gene, LBJ_2012 (Accession # ABJ76523), which was bioinformatically discovered from L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo-bovis strains JB197 genome and the gene was predicted to encode a hypothetic LRR protein [41]. The LBJ_2012 protein contains the LRR motif of the SD22-like subfamily, which is in internalin A (InA), InB, InC, InH, InC2, InD and InF proteins [41,42].
The LBJ_2012 orthologous LRR coding genes were identified and cloned from multi-cultural passages of L. borgpetersenii serovar Ballum, Javanica, Mini, Tarassovi and Sejroe genomes [42]. The L. borgpetersenii serovar Sejroe clone R21-2012 truncated leucine-rich repeat protein (LRR) gene, partial cds (Accession # JN627495.1), was found to be naturally inactive, since it contains an internal stop codon [42]. The N- and C-termini of R21-2012 protein, R21-N2012 and R21-C2012, were individually immunoreactive with rabbit hyperimmune serum anti-Sejroe and anti-Javanica, respectively, whereas both peptides immunoreacted with rabbit hyperimmune serum anti-Ballico [42]. However, a membrane lysate, prepared from multi-cultural passages of L. borgpetersenii serovar Sejroe, was not immunoreactive with rabbit hyperimmune serum anti the R21-N2012 protein.
The L. borgpetersenii serovar Sejroe clone R21-N2012 (Accession: JN627494.1) was mutated and fused with clone R21-C2012 (Accession: JN627492.1) to create the recombinant LRR protein, named rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M [42,43]. In this study, the LRR protein rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M of Leptospira was evaluated as an antigen for the development of an indirect ELISA and for the analysis of canine antisera against Leptospira. Our objectives were to develop an indirect and a peptide-based ELISA and to analyze canine antisera against Leptospira. We have sought to demonstrate antigenic specificity of our recombinant LRR protein and peptides using rabbit hyperimmune sera against nine serovars of Leptospira spp.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Dog Plasma Samples

Whole blood samples from domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) were collected in EDTA tubes (BD Vacutainer K2EDTA; Becton, Dickinson and Company). There were 101 stray dogs and 103 family dogs from the areas of Bangkok (BKK) and Ubon Ratchathani (UBR) province in Thailand, from October to December 2019, with no vaccination history against Leptospira. Blood samples were collected from dogs during the sterilization process by the rabies vaccination program organized by the Soi Dog Foundation (Bangkok). All animal protocols for the sample collection were approved by the Kasetsart University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Kasetsart University-IACUC). All client-owned dogs were returned to their owners after spaying and/or rabies vaccination. All stray dogs were released to where they have been trapped by private and public services for spaying/neutering and rabies vaccination. Plasma samples were prepared from EDTA-whole blood samples, according to the standard protocol for plasma preparation and all plasma samples were kept at −40 °C until use. Additional 20 dogs’ sera were received from the sera bank of the Veterinary Teaching Animal Hospital. Dogs were at age of 8–12 months and twice vaccinated by available commercial vaccines against 4 Leptospira serovars. All 20 dogs were presented for the neutering program, and all had no history of Leptospirosis infection. These 20 sera were assigned as sera from “Vaccinated-dogs”.

2.2. Recombinant Proteins

The LipL32 recombinant protein of L. interrogans was purchased from Rekom Biotech (Spain). The rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein was produced by Escherichia coli BL21 StarTM (DE3) expression system, containing the pET161_hKU_R21M_2012 plasmid, as previously described [43,44]. Briefly, the protein expression was induced with 0.1 mM isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG; Sigma–Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA) and incubated at 30 °C, 200 rpm for 12 h. Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 4000× g for 15 min at 4 °C and washed with lysis-equilibration-wash buffer (LEW buffer; 50 mM NaH2PO4, 300 mM NaCl, pH 8.0). The pellet was disrupted using a Misonix XL2020 sonicator (Woburn, MA, USA) with 30% amplitude, a processing time 15 min, 15 s cooling period for each 15 s bursts. The crude lysate was centrifuged at 10,000× g for 30 min at 4 °C to collect the inclusion bodies. The insoluble fraction was washed once with LEW and resuspended in denaturing solubilization buffer (DS buffer; 50 mM NaH2PO4, 300 mM NaCl, 8 M urea, pH 8.0). The solution was centrifuged at 10,000× g for 30 min at 20 °C to collect the dissolved proteins. Since the rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein was expressed as 6× His-Lumio-TEV fusion proteins, the dissolved proteins were purified by the immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) with Protino® Ni-TED Resin (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany), according to the manufacturer’s protocol with minor modifications, as previously described [45]. The 6× His-Lumio-TEV was cleaved with TEV protease (NEB#P8112, NEB, Ipswich, MA, USA). The protein concentration was determined using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at 260 and 280 nm. The cleaved and purified protein was analyzed by 12% SDS-PAGE and Coomassie blue staining. The proteins were stored at −20 °C until use.

2.3. Epitope Peptide Prediction

The amino acid sequence of the rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein was used for the prediction of antigenic epitopes. Linear B-cell epitopes were identified by using online tools, IEDB [46], BcePred [47], BepiPred-2.0 [48], Imed [49], ABCpred [50,51], EMBOSS [52] and SVMTrip [53]. The MHCPred [54,55,56], MHC2Pred [57] and NetMHC [58,59] programs were used for T-cell epitope prediction. Secondary structures of the rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M were analyzed using PHD [60], GOR4 [60], SOPMA [60] and I-TASSER [61,62,63]. Antigenicity scores of B- and T-cell epitopes were evaluated by Vaxijen [64,65,66]. Predicted peptides, obtained from each tool, were aligned with the secondary structures of recombinant proteins. Epitopes with antigenicity scores greater than 0.5 were aligned at coil or loop structures of the protein. Selected epitope peptides were custom-synthesized and purified by the BIOMATIK, Wilmington, DE, USA.

2.4. Rabbit Hyperimmune Sera

Rabbit hyperimmune sera against Leptospira spp. against 9 serovars of Leptospira spp. were purchased from the OIE Reference Laboratory for Leptospirosis and the National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, the Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Amsterdam, (https://leptospira.amsterdamumc.org: access on 5 September 2018). Rabbit hyperimmune sera against the recombinant KU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein (anti-2012) were prepared by the Center for Agricultural Biotechnology using the standard immunization protocol approved by the Kasetsart University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Kasetsart University-IACUC). The non-immunized rabbit serum was used as control serum for ELISA development.

2.5. Identification of Leptospira in Plasma Samples by Real-Time PCR

Plasma samples were tested for the presence of Leptospira by real-time PCR with Lep F (GGCGGCGCGTCTTAAACATG) and Lep R (TCCCCCCATTGAGCAAGATT) primers [67,68]. Plasma DNA samples were extracted by using phenol: chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (Sigma-Aldrich), as described by Brenner et al. [69] with some modifications as reported by Nitipan [42]. Real-time PCR was performed following manufacturer recommendations. Briefly, 10 µL of a reaction contained 1× iTaq Universal SYBR Green Supermix (Bio-Rad), 300 nmol of each primer and 4.5 µL of an extracted DNA sample. The real-time PCR assay was performed using a CFX96 Touch Deep Well Real-Time PCR Detection System (Bio-Rad) with initial denaturation at 95 °C for 3 min followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 30 s, annealing/extension at 60 °C for 30 s. The melting curve was analyzed at 60–95 °C, 0.5 °C increments at 5 s/step.

2.6. Line Blot Immunodetection of rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M Protein by Rabbit Hyperimmune Sera

Recombinant proteins, rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M and LipL32, at 50 μg/mL were applied to nitrocellulose membranes (Bio-Rad) by a paintbrush. After drying at room temperature, membranes were blocked with 3% BSA in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4 (PBS) for 30 min and washed two times with PBS (pH 7.4) containing 0.05% Tween 20 (PBST). Membranes were incubated with each rabbit hyperimmune sera against Leptospira or the rabbit control serum at a dilution of 1:100 for 1 h and 30 min. After washing with PBST, membranes were incubated with goat anti-rabbit IgG (Abcam) conjugated with gold-nanoparticles (0.01 mg of antibody to 1 mL of colloidal gold: Kestrel Bioscience, TH) dilution 1:20 for 30 min. Membranes were washed with distilled water before observing the antigen lines of developed red color gold-nanoparticles on the membrane.

2.7. Immunodetection of rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M and Its Derived Peptides by ELISA

The rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein and its peptides were immunologically tested with 9 rabbit hyperimmune sera against Leptospira, Anti-2012 sera (rabbit hyperimmune sera against the rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M), and the control rabbit serum by an indirect ELISA. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed, as described previously with some modifications [70]. The indirect ELISA platforms were optimized by checkerboard titrations. Each peptide (1.25 µg/mL), pool peptides (1.25 µg/mL each) and the rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein (7.5 µg/mL) in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (pH 9.6) was coated on 96-well polystyrene microplates (NuncMaxiSorp, Thermo Fisher Scientific) (100 µL/well) and incubated at room temperature for 2 h. Wells were washed three times with PBST. The wells were blocked with 200 µL blocking buffer (2% BSA in PBST) at room temperature for 1 h in a humid chamber. Next, 100 µL of rabbit serum (each rabbit hyperimmune serum or anti-2012) at a dilution of 1:100 with 2% BSA in PBS or 2% BSA in PBST (as background) was added and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. After washing, the 100 µL/well chicken anti-rabbit IgG-HRP (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) at a dilution of 1:5000 was added and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. An amount of 100 µL of the 1-StepTM Ultra TMB substrate solution (Thermo Scientific) was added to each well and incubated for 25 min in the dark. The reaction was stopped with 100 µL/well of 2 M sulfuric acid. Absorbance was measured by an ELISA reader (BioTekTM, SynergyTM H1, Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK) at 450 nm. Absorbance of the background was subtracted and samples were compared with the control rabbit serum. All samples were tested in triplicate.

2.8. Canine Plasma Samples Leptospira Detection by an Indirect Peptide-Based ELISA

The rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein-derived peptides that were ELISA detectable by all rabbit hyperimmune sera against 9 Leptospira serovars were chosen for testing with dog plasma samples. The efficacy of the peptide-based indirect ELISA development for each selected peptide was compared to the antigen, LipL32. The 96-well polystyrene microplates (NuncMaxiSorp, Thermo Fisher Scientific) were coated with selected peptides (1.25 µg/mL, 100 µL/well) or LipL32 antigen (1 µg/mL) diluted in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (pH 9.6) at room temperature for 2 h. The wells of microplate were washed three times with PBST. Wells were blocked with 200 µL of 2% BSA in PBST at room temperature for 1 h. Dog plasma samples at a dilution of 1:100 with 2% BSA in PBS or 2% BSA in PBST (as background) were added and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. After washing with PBST three times, 100 µL/well goat anti-dog IgG-HRP (Abcam) at a dilution of 1:10,000 was added and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. An amount of 100 µL/well 1-StepTM Ultra TM substrate solution (Thermo Scientific) were added and incubated for 25 min in the dark. Reactions were stopped with 100 µL/well of 2 M of sulfuric acid. Absorbance of the samples was measured at 450 nm with an ELISA reader (BioTekTM SynergyTM H1, Fisher Scientific, UK). Absorbance of the background was subtracted, and samples were compared with control rabbit serum. All samples were tested in triplicate.

2.9. Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT)

The plasma or sera from 6 positive PCR, 5 positive and 5 negatives evaluated by LipL32, and peptide-based ELISAs or from 20 Leptospira vaccinated dogs were validated against Leptospira by MAT. The MAT was performed at the University Veterinary College Diagnostic Center by standard method, as explained in Supplementary Data S1.

2.10. Statistical Analysis

MedCalc version 20.009 (Ostend, Belgium) was used for statistical analysis of the ELISA and the determination of cutoff values. Cutoff values for ELISA of the epitope peptides were established using a receiver–operator curve (ROC) analysis [71,72]. Each test was evaluated for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy (AC), by comparison with ELISA data for LipL32. The degree of agreement between the peptides and LipL32 ELISA assay was determined using kappa value (K) with 95% confidence intervals and interpreted as follows: <0.20, poor; 0.21–0.40, fair; 0.41–0.60, moderate; 0.61–0.80, good; and 0.81–1, very good. The non-normally distributed data were evaluated by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Significant differences of each test, compared to positive and negative of LipL32 ELISA results were analyzed using a Mann–Whitney U test. The probability of association between the dogs and the presence of disease were determined using chi-squared test.

3. Results

3.1. PCR Detection of Leptospira in Dog Plasma Samples

Leptospira PCR identification from 204 dog plasma samples showed that samples from 6 dogs were positive, while there were 9 dogs that showed symptoms of leptospirosis. All Leptospira-positive dogs were family dogs with clinical signs of leptospirosis. The data are shown in Table 1. Although two stray dogs showed clinical signs, such as leptospirosis, the real-time PCR could not detect the presence of Leptospira in their plasma samples.

3.2. Line Blots Immunodetection against the Recombinant Protein by Rabbit Hyperimmune Sera

The recombinant proteins, rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M and LipL32, were tested with each rabbit hyperimmune sera against nine serovars of Leptospira spp., (Table 2), and non-immunized rabbit serum as control serum. The rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein immunoreacted with serovars Australis, Bataviae, Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Mini and Tarassovi, as shown in Figure 1A. The LipL32 was recognized by all serovars of rabbit hyperimmune sera, with the exception of serovar Patoc, as shown in Figure 1B. Both rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M and LipL32 proteins did not immune react with control non-immunized rabbit serum (Figure 1A,B, lane 10).

3.3. Prediction on LRR Epitope Peptides

Antigenic epitopes of the rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein were predicted by using online tools, and all epitopes were aligned to the corresponding secondary structure of the full-length protein. Four peptides obtained from T-cell epitope prediction and five peptides with predicted B-cell epitopes were selected and commercially synthesized for the peptide-based ELISA development using rabbit hyperimmune sera against nine serovars of Leptospira spp. The peptides and their predicted antigenicity scores are shown in Table 3. The selected peptides with high antigenicity scores range from 9–16 amino acid residues, residing from N- to C-terminus of the protein. The highest antigenicity score that was calculated was 1.893 for the peptide 2012-2T and the lowest score was 0.551 for the peptide 2012-4T. The selected predicted B-cell epitopes’ antigenicity scores were highest at 1.672 for the peptide 2012-1B and lowest at 0.836 for the peptide 2012-5B, respectively.

3.4. Selection of Antigenic Peptides

Four peptides representing T-cell epitopes, five peptides representing B-cell epitopes, pool T-cell epitope peptides (pool 2012-T), pool B-cell epitope peptides (pool 2012-B) and the rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein were tested with rabbit hyperimmune sera against nine serovars of Leptospira spp., anti-2012, and control rabbit serum. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios of each tested peptide or the protein were calculated from the absorbances of each rabbit hyperimmune serum and the control serum, respectively. Numerical data ≥2 than the control for the hyperimmune serum were counted as positive. The recombinant protein rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M was recognized by four serovars of rabbit hyperimmune sera Canicola, Mini, Patoc, and Tarassovi. Peptides 2012-3T, 2012-4B, 2012-5B and pool 2012-B cross reacted with all nine serovars of rabbit hyperimmune sera against Leptospira. In addition, the rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M and the peptides 2012-3T, 2012-3B, pool 2012-T and pool 2012-B clearly reacted with anti-2012 (Figure 2). Therefore, the peptides 2012-3T, 2012-4B, 2012-5B and pool 2012-B were selected for peptide-based ELISA detection against Leptospira dog plasma samples.

3.5. Peptide-Based ELISA of Canine Antisera

Plasma samples from 204 dogs were immunoassayed against Leptospira using peptide-based ELISA with peptides 2012-3T, 2012-4B, 2012-5B and pool 2012-B. The results were compared with antigen protein, LipL32. The cutoff value for each peptide was calculated using a receiver–operator curve (ROC) analysis. The ROC and area under the ROC curve (AUC) of each peptide is shown in Figure 3. The AUC of peptides 2012-3T, 2012-4B, 2012-5B and pool 2012-B was 0.821, 0.860, 0.874 and 0.828, respectively. The cutoff of peptides 2012-3T, 2012-4B, 2012-5B and pool 2012-B was 1.037, 1.020, 1.057 and 0.917, respectively. Six dogs displaying positive results with real-time PCR were also positive with all peptides and LipL32. The performance of each peptide that was co-analyzed with LipL32 ELISA is shown in Table 4. The peptide 2012-3T gave the highest sensitivity followed by peptides 2012-4B, pool 2012-B and 2012-5B, respectively. The peptide 2012-5B exhibited the highest specificity with 0.917. The peptide 2012-5B also presented the highest score for the positive predictive value (PPV). The peptide 2012-5B showed the highest accuracy with 0.853. The negative predictive values (NPV) of peptides 2012-3T, 2012-4B, 2012-5B and pool 2012-B were 0.900, 0.890, 0.880 and 0.878, respectively. The degree of agreement between the peptides and LipL32 were determined by the kappa value. The peptide 2012-3T and pool 2012-B disclosed the moderate agreement with LipL32 with the kappa value at 0.492 and 0.550, respectively. Peptides 2012-4B and 2012-5B were in good agreement with LipL32 with kappa values 0.632 and 0.635, respectively. The Mann–Whitney U test displayed significant differences between the numbers of positive and negative samples of each peptide and LipL32 with p < 0.0001 (Figure 4). Peptides 2012-5B and 2012-4B revealed the highest antigenic potential, when compared with other peptides. The prevalence of the Leptospira antibody of dogs for 2012-3T, 2012-4B, 2012-5B, pool 2012-B and LipL32 were 41.18% (84/204), 28.92% (59/204), 26.47% (54/204), 31.86% (65/204) and 29.41% (60/204), respectively.

3.6. The MAT Validation on the Developed ELISAs Results

Sera from dogs with positive PCR and vaccinated dogs were validated their 2012-4B and 2012-5B peptide-based and LipL32 ELISAs results with MAT results. The 2012-4B and 2012-5B peptide-based and LipL32 ELISAs provided all positive results for all six symptomatic leptospirosis dogs, for which the leptospirosis was confirmed by positive PCR and MAT, as shown in Table 5. All dogs with positive immunoreaction with 2012-4B and 2012-5B peptide-based and LipL32 ELISAs were confirmed by the MAT titer ≥1:100. Although sera from 19 vaccinated dogs were immunopositively detected by the LipL32 ELISA method, only 3sera with MAT titer ≥1:400 to serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae were tested positive by 2012-4B and 2012-5B peptide-based ELISAs (Table 5).

3.7. Association between Type of Dogs and Leptospirosis

The 103 family dogs and 101 stray dogs in this study were tested for the presence of leptospirosis using the developed peptide-based ELISA and LipL32 ELISA. The number of family dogs that showed positive results with each peptide, 2012-3T, 2012-4B, 2012-5B, pool 2012-B and LipL32, were 46, 31, 28, 38, and 33, respectively, from a total of 103 family dogs (Figure 5). The number of positive results of stray dogs of each peptide, 2012-3T, 2012-4B, 2012-5B, pool 2012-B and LipL32, were 38, 28, 26, 27, and 27, respectively, for a total of 101 stray dogs (Figure 5). The family dogs and stray dogs showed the same incidence of positive and negative Leptospiral-associated results. The correlations between types of dogs (family and stray dogs) and leptospirosis (positive and negative results) were determined using chi-squared test. The p-values of chi-squared test for ELISA results with peptides 2012-3T, 2012-4B, 2012-5B, pool 2012-B and LipL32 were 0.307, 0.708, 0.815, 0.119 and 0.405, respectively. The p-values were greater than the conventional 0.05, the interpretation was that there was no significant relationship between the type of dogs and leptospirosis.

4. Discussion

Herein we describe the development of an ELISA using the Leptospiral LRR protein KU_Sej_LRR_2012M as an antigen sample. The rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein was produced from two overlapping LRR genes of L. borgpetersenii serovar Sejroe, the KU_Sej_R21N_2012 and KU_Sej_R21C_2012 genes to produce the KU_Sej_R21_2012M gene with a deletion at A346 of the gene KU_Sej_R21_2012 [43]. The gene KU_Sej_R21_2012 from L. borgpetersenii serovar Sejroe genome is an orthologous gene of the LBJ_2012 gene of L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo-bovis str. JB197 [42].
Previous studies have shown that the recombinant protein KU_Sej_R21N_2012 demonstrates immunoreactivity against rabbit hyperimmune serum against L. borgpetersenii serovar Sejroe and Ballum, and L. interrogans serovar Ballico, whereas the KU_Sej_R21C_2012 protein reacted with rabbit hyperimmune serum against L. borgpetersenii serovar Javanica, and L. interrogans serovar Ballico [42]. Therefore, the rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M and nine corresponding epitope peptides with 9–16 amino acid residues were used for the development of an indirect peptide-based ELISA to detect canine antibodies against Leptospira.
Based on the seroprevalence of dog leptospirosis in several regions of Thailand (Supplementary Table S1), the rabbit hyperimmune sera against nine serovars of Leptospira spp. were selected for testing by line blots and ELISA. The rabbit hyperimmune sera against serovar Sejroe was not tested with either the line blot or ELISA. Previous observations have shown good immunoreactivity of the KU_Sej_R21N_2012 protein with the rabbit hyperimmune sera against serovar Sejroe [42].
Whereas previous data failed to demonstrate immunoreactivity of the Sejroe rabbit hyperimmune sera with full length rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein, our peptide-based ELISA results generated positive results for ELISA detection of serovar Sejroe positive MAT titer from infected dogs.
The line blot and ELISA in this study showed some conflicting observations on the immunoreactivities of the rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein with rabbit hyperimmune sera. Authors have observed differences in immunoreactivity between the line blot and the ELISA for the rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein, which reacted against serovars Australis, Bataviae, Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Mini and Tarassovi in line blot assays and against Canicola, Mini, Tarassovi and Patoc in the ELISA. Since the goat anti-rabbit IgG (Abcam) conjugated with gold-nanoparticles was used as a detector of the line blot assay, it provided higher sensitivity than the ELISA.
The rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein immunoreacted against serovar Patoc only in the ELISA method. The different conditions of each method can affect protein folding and, therefore, its binding ability [73]. The rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein was dissolved in different buffers and applied onto different supportive materials, which provide different binding strengths and binding abilities. The binding capacity of nitrocellulose membrane is 80–100 µg/cm2, while Maxisorp plates have a protein-binding capacity of approximately 600–650 ng IgG/cm2. In addition, the rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein was used in ELISA at 0.75 μg/reaction, whereas the line blot assay used only 0.125 μg/reaction This means that the number of immunogenic proteins to interact with antibodies on the polystyrene microplate’s well is six times higher than the number of immunogenic proteins on the line membrane.
Although the rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein could be detected by rabbit hyperimmune sera against L. borgpetersenii serovar Canicola, Mini and Tarassovi in both line-blot and ELISA, the LRR protein could not be detected by rabbit hyperimmune sera against L. interrogans serovar Pomona by both techniques. The LRR gene sequence of L. borgpetersenii serovar Sejroe has 91.4% similarity with the LBJ_2012 gene of pathogenic L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo-bovis strain JBL197 (NCBI accession number CP000350 Region: complement [2370828…2371553]). The amino acid sequence of LBJ_2012 has 97.8% similarity to pathogenic L. borgpetersenii serovar Pomona (LEP1GSC133_2670, NCBI accession number EMO64909). Despite considerable similarities within their gene and amino acid sequences, antiserum raised against L. interrogans serovar Pomona failed to react with KU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein, thus, indicating a high degree of species-dependent activity. The same serovars of Leptospira can be found in multiple species, for example, serovar Pomona not only belongs to L. interrogans and L. borgpetersenii but also to the species L. noguchii [74].
Since the indirect ELISA using the rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein could not detect all nine Leptospiral serovars, an indirect peptide-based ELISA was developed from the LRR-derived epitope peptides for increasing its efficiency in detecting all of the nine serovars. The peptides of the KU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein; 2012-3T, 2012-4B, 2012-5B and pool 2012-B cross reacted with all nine serovars of rabbit hyperimmune sera against Leptospira, though all peptides are predicted antigenic epitopes derived from the rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein. These observations are in agreement with the ratios of the number epitopes/well for single peptide or pool peptides to the number epitopes/well for the entire protein, which are 3.3 million and half a million times for the single peptide and pool peptide, respectively. Moreover, working with full-length protein could mask epitopes and generate background signals.
Using these 2012-3T, 2012-4B, 2012-5B and pool 2012-B peptide-based ELISAs to determine immunoreactivity against Leptospirosis in dog plasma samples, compared to LipL32 ELISA, the results showed that the AUC of all four peptide-based ELISAs was greater than 0.8, which is considered as excellent [75]. Moreover, the sum of sensitivity and specificity of all peptide-based ELISAs was greater than 1.5, which renders the ELISA a useful test [76]. All peptide-based ELISAs and the LipL32 ELISA gave positive results for the six symptomatic dogs, which they were clarified as leptospirosis by positive PCR and positive MAT tests. Two peptides, 2012-3T and pool 2012-B, showed a moderate agreement (K value; 0.41–0.60) with LipL32. Whereas another two peptides, 2012-4B and 2012-5B, showed good agreement (K value; 0.61–0.80) with LipL32.
Statistical analysis comparing results from peptide ELISAs to LipL32 ELISA by chi-square showed that the 2012-4B and 2012-5B peptide-based ELISAs provided the lowest false positive. LipL32 is a major outer membrane protein, which was widely studied and developed to be commercial test kits, e.g., SNAP®Lepto [77] for the diagnosis of leptospirosis. The LipL32 IgG-ELISA was proved to be sensitive, specific and accurate, as compared to the standard microscopic agglutination test (MAT) in many studies [77,78,79,80]. Therefore, based on the comparison with the LipL32 ELISA, the 2012-4B and 2012-5B are the best peptides to be employed as the peptide-based ELISAs for the analysis of canine antisera against Leptospira.
In this study, only six symptomatic dogs (2.94%) were identified positive leptospirosis by real-time PCR assay and MAT, whereas 54 to 84 of 204 dogs (26.47 to 41.18%) including the six symptomatic dogs demonstrated positive results with peptide-based ELISAs. These results are consistent with previous observations having shown that MAT, LAT and ELISA yielded a greater number of positive results than the PCR assay, culture, and microscopic demonstration [13,14,20,81,82]. Unvaccinated dogs may carry leptospires in their blood (leptospiraemia) for 1–10 days post infection with L. interrogans serovar Canicola and for 1–6 days post infection with L. interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae [83]. For serological tests, antibodies usually become detectable around the seventh day of the disease [82]. Vaccinated dogs can give positive results with serological test [84]. Healthy dogs tested positive with the LipL32 ELISA, therefore, have previously either been vaccinated or gone on to become infected.
The LipL32 ELISA in this experiment provided positive results in 19 of 20 vaccinated dogs, which is accounts for 95% serological positive in vaccinated dogs. Based on the developed 2012-4B and 2012-5B peptide-based ELISAs, 3 of 20 vaccinated dogs gave positive results, whereas these 3 dogs sera have high MAT titer ≥1:400 for serovar icterohaemorrhagiae. It was counted as 15% positive error by using the 2012-4B and 2012-5B peptide-based ELISAs in vaccinated dogs. The low positive error in the developed peptide-based ELISAs could be results from a naturally additional adenosine residue at position 346 of the KU_Sej_R21_2012 gene in L. borgpetersenii serovar Sejroe genome, when compared to the LBJ_2012 gene. The addition A346 introduces a stop codon in the middle of the KU_Sej_R21_2012 gene [42]. The A346 in the KU_Sej_R21_2012 gene may function to alleviate bacterial pathogenicity during several passages of the culture, which may be a process for vaccine production. Therefore, the screening of leptospirosis in stray dogs by using the developed 2012-4B and 2012-5B peptide-based ELISAs would be applicable for the canine Leptospira epidemiological surveillance in Thailand.
Although authors claim that the developed 2012-4B and 2012-5B peptide-based ELISAs are noteworthy, developed kits for the canine Leptospira surveillance in Thailand, the rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein and its derived peptides should be tested with antisera against other species of Leptospira, which have higher seroprevalences in other areas. Since the coverage of 9–10 prevalence serovars in the Thai dog population could not indicate cross immunoreactivities of the protein and its derived peptides with all 260 serovars.

5. Conclusions

The KU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein and its derived peptides were tested with rabbit hyperimmune sera against only three species of Leptospira. The rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein and peptides had potential to detect immunity against Leptospira using indirect ELISA, especially 2012-4B and 2012-5B. The 2012-4B and 2012-5B peptide-based indirect ELISAs are noteworthy, developed kits for the canine Leptospira surveillance in Thailand. To enhance our understanding of their specificity, the protein and peptides should be tested with antisera against other species of Leptospira, therefore, the 2012-4B and 2012-5B peptides and the indirect peptide-based ELISA could possibly be further applied to other domestic animals, such as cattle and pig.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/tropicalmed7100311/s1, Supplementary Data S1: The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) protocol; Supplementary Table S1: The prevalence of dog leptospirosis in several regions of Thailand.

Author Contributions

All authors have made substantial contributions to all the following: S.S., T.P., A.K. and S.P. made the conception and design of the experiments. S.S., A.K., T.P., G.K., R.H. and S.P. performed the experiments. S.S., A.K., T.P., G.K., R.H., D.H. and S.P. made acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data. S.S., A.K. and T.P. drafted and wrote the article. S.P., T.P. and D.H. revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. Supervision, S.P., project administration, T.P., Funding acquisition, S.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) and the Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI), previously (Thailand Research Fund; TRF), with Grant name “Research and Researchers for Industries (RRI Ph.D. program)” by the collaboration with the iVET (Thailand) Co. Ltd., Bangkok Thailand under Grant #PHD59/0012. No potential competing interest was reported by the authors. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

All experimental protocols were approved by the Kasetsart University Animal Care and Use Committee (KU-ACC) ID# ACKU60-VET-050 approved on 16 February 2018. All procedures were done in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. All dog owners agreed in a written owner consent under the Soi Dogs Foundation (Bangkok) program. For stray dogs, authorized veterinarians and supervisors gave their written consent.

Informed Consent Statement

The study did not involve humans.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Acknowledgments

Authors thank the Department of Physiology and the Central Lab from the Research Center at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University for providing laboratory facilities and scientific research instruments. The authors of the present work thank the Soi Dogs Foundation (Bangkok) for providing a friendly environment to make the sample collection possible within the frame of their spaying/neutering and vaccination programs. Authors thank for the Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College Teaching Animal Hospital for providing plasma and/or serum of dogs who underwent the spaying/neutering program. Authors thank Attawit Kovitvadhi from the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University for their kindly assistance in statistical analysis. Authors appreciate Pirada Trongwongsa for her excellence as scientific assistant.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Samrot, A.V.; Sean, T.C.; Bhavya, K.S.; Sahithya, C.S.; Chan-Drasekaran, S.; Palanisamy, R.; Robinson, E.R.; Subbiah, S.K.; Mok, P.L. Leptospiral Infection, Pathogenesis and Its Diagnosis–A Review. Pathogens 2021, 10, 145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Vincent, A.T.; Schiettekatte, O.; Goarant, C.; Neela, V.K.; Bernet, E.; Thibeaux, R.; Ismail, N.; Mohd Khalid, M.K.N.; Amran, F.; Masuzawa, T.; et al. Revisiting the taxonomy and evolution of pathogenicity of the genus Leptospira through the prism of genomics. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2019, 13, e0007270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  3. Brown, K.; Prescott, J. Leptospirosis in the family dog: A public health perspective. Cmaj 2008, 178, 399–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  4. Costa, F.; Hagan, J.E.; Calcagno, J.; Kane, M.; Torgerson, P.; Martinez-Silveira, M.S.; Stein, C.; Abela-Ridder, B.; Ko, A.I. Global Morbidity and Mortality of Leptospirosis: A Systematic Review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2015, 9, e0003898. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  5. Disease Notification Report (Leptospirosis). Available online: http://www.boe.moph.go.th/boedb/surdata/disease.php?ds=43 (accessed on 1 September 2021).
  6. Population of Dog and Cat in 2016. Available online: http://dcontrol.dld.go.th/webnew/index.php/th/news-menu/2018-07-02-08-24-32/360-dogpop2016 (accessed on 9 August 2016).
  7. Jittapalapong, S.; Sittisan, P.; Sakpuaram, T.; Kabeya, H.; Maruyama, S.; Inpankaew, T. Coinfection of Leptospira spp and Toxoplasma gondii among stray dogs in Bangkok, Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 2009, 40, 247–252. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  8. Aslantaş, O.; Ozdemir, V.; Kiliç, S.; Babür, C. Seroepidemiology of leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, and leishmaniosis among dogs in Ankara, Turkey. Vet. Parasitol. 2005, 129, 187–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  9. Weekes, C.C.; Everard, C.O.; Levett, P.N. Seroepidemiology of canine leptospirosis on the island of Barbados. Vet. Microbiol. 1997, 57, 215–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. De Paula Dreer, M.K.; Gonçalves, D.D.; da Silva Caetano, I.C.; Gerônimo, E.; Menegas, P.H.; Bergo, D.; Ruiz Lopes-Mori, F.M.; Benitez, A.; de Freitas, J.C.; Evers, F.; et al. Toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis and brucellosis in stray dogs housed at the shelter in Umuarama municipality, Paraná, Brazil. J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis. 2013, 19, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  11. Ellis, W.A. Animal leptospirosis. In Leptospira and Leptospirosis; Adler, B., Ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2015; pp. 99–137. [Google Scholar]
  12. Goldstein, R.E. Canine leptospirosis. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract. 2010, 40, 1091–1101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Altheimer, K.; Jongwattanapisan, P.; Luengyosluechakul, S.; Pusoonthornthum, R.; Prapasarakul, N.; Kurilung, A.; Broens, E.M.; Wagenaar, J.A.; Goris, M.G.A.; Ahmed, A.A.; et al. Leptospira infection and shedding in dogs in Thailand. BMC Vet. Res. 2020, 16, 89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Ngasaman, R.; Saechan, V.; Prachantasena, S.; Yingkajorn, M.; Sretrirutchai, S. Investigation of Leptospira Infection in Stray Animals in Songkhla, Thailand: Leptospirosis Risk Reduction in Human. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2020, 20, 432–435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Meeyam, T.; Tablerk, P.; Petchanok, B.; Pichpol, D.; Padungtod, P. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with leptospirosis in dogs. Southeast Asian J. Trop Med. Public Health 2006, 37, 148–153. [Google Scholar]
  16. Chotivanich, S.; Pinprasong, B.; Suwancharoen, D. Serologic survey of leptospirosis in pigs, dogs, beef cattle, buffaloes and dairy cattle in Chaiyaphum Province. DLD Tech. Paps. 2000, 5, 1–13. [Google Scholar]
  17. Pumipuntu, N.; Suwannarong, K. Seroprevalence of Leptospira Spp. in Cattle and Dogs in Mahasarakham Province, Thailand. J. Health Res. 2016, 30, 223–226. [Google Scholar]
  18. Niwetpathomwat, A.; Assarasakorn, S. Preliminary investigation of canine leptospirosis in a rural area of Thailand. Med. Weter. 2007, 63, 59–61. [Google Scholar]
  19. Sakpuaram, T.; Wajjwalku, W.; Sirinarumithra, T.; Kasemsuwan, S.; Sithisara, P.; Chanthick, N. Monitoring of Leptospirosis in healthy vaccinated dogs in Hua-Hin district, Prachuapkhirikhan province between January to December, 2004. In Proceedings of the Kasetsart University Annual Academic Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, 30 January–2 February 2006; p. 586. [Google Scholar]
  20. Kurilung, A.; Chanchaithong, P.; Lugsomya, K.; Niyomtham, W.; Wuthiekanun, V.; Prapasarakul, N. Molecular detection and isolation of pathogenic Leptospira from asymptomatic humans, domestic animals and water sources in Nan province, a rural area of Thailand. Res. Vet. Sci. 2017, 115, 146–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  21. Adler, B. Vaccines against leptospirosis. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2015, 387, 251–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Cao, Y.; Faisal, S.M.; Yan, W.; Chang, Y.-C.; McDonough, S.P.; Zhang, N.; Akey, B.L.; Chang, Y.-F. Evaluation Of Novel Fusion Proteins Derived From Extracellular Matrix Binding Domains Of Ligb As Vaccine Candidates Against Leptospirosis In A Hamster Model. Vaccine 2011, 29, 7379–7386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Deveson Lucas, D.S.; Lo, M.; Bulach, D.M.; Quinsey, N.S.; Murray, G.L.; Allen, A.; Adler, B. Recombinant LipL32 stimulates interferon-gamma production in cattle vaccinated with a monovalent Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo subtype Hardjobovis vaccine. Vet. Microbiol. 2014, 169, 163–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Haake, D.A.; Mazel, M.K.; McCoy, A.M.; Milward, F.; Chao, G.; Matsunaga, J.; Wagar, E.A. Leptospiral outer membrane proteins OmpL1 and LipL41 exhibit synergistic immunoprotection. Infect. Immun. 1999, 67, 6572–6582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  25. Yan, W.W.; Faisal, S.M.; McDonough, S.P.; Divers, T.J.; Barr, S.C.; Chang, C.F.; Pan, M.J.; Chang, Y.F. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant Leptospira immunoglobulin-like protein B (rLigB) in a hamster challenge model. Microbes Infect. 2009, 11, 230–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Matsui, M.; Soupé, M.-E.; Becam, J.; Goarant, C. Differential In Vivo Gene Expression of Major Leptospira Proteins in Resistant or Susceptible Animal Models. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2012, 78, 6372–6376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  27. Haake, D.A.; Matsunaga, J. Leptospiral Immunoglobulin-Like Domain Proteins: Roles in Virulence and Immunity. Front. Immunol. 2021, 11, 579907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Lehmann, J.S.; Fouts, D.E.; Haft, D.H.; Cannella, A.P.; Ricaldi, J.N.; Brinkac, L.; Harkins, D.; Durkin, S.; Sanka, R.; Sutton, G.; et al. Pathogenomic Inference of Virulence-Associated Genes in Leptospira interrogans. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2013, 7, e2468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Doxey, A.C.; McConkey, B.J. Prediction of molecular mimicry candidates in human pathogenic bacteria. Virulence 2013, 4, 453–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  30. Hsu, S.-H.; Chou, L.-F.; Hong, C.-H.; Chang, M.-Y.; Tsai, C.-Y.; Tian, Y.-C.; Yang, H.-Y.; Yang, C.-W. Crosstalk between E-Cadherin/β-Catenin and NF-κB Signaling Pathways: The Regulation of Host-Pathogen Interaction during Leptospirosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 13132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. Hsu, S.-H.; Yang, C.-W. Insight into the Structure, Functions, and Dynamics of the Leptospira Outer Membrane Proteins with the Pathogenicity. Membranes 2022, 12, 300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Kobe, B.; Kajava, A.V. The leucine-rich repeat as a protein recognition motif. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 2001, 11, 725–732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Gaillard, J.L.; Berche, P.; Frehel, C.; Gouln, E.; Cossart, P. Entry of L. monocytogenes into cells is mediated by internalin, a repeat protein reminiscent of surface antigens from gram-positive cocci. Cell 1991, 65, 1127–1141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Parida, S.K.; Domann, E.; Rohde, M.; Müller, S.; Darji, A.; Hain, T.; Wehland, J.; Chakraborty, T. Internalin B is essential for adhesion and mediates the invasion of Listeria monocytogenes into human endothelial cells. Mol. Microbiol. 1998, 28, 81–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  35. Sabet, C.; Lecuit, M.; Cabanes, D.; Cossart, P.; Bierne, H. LPXTG Protein InlJ, a Newly Identified Internalin Involved in Listeria monocytogenes Virulence. Infect. Immun. 2005, 73, 6912–6922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  36. Sawyer, R.T.; Drevets, D.A.; Campbell, P.A.; Potter, T.A. Internalin A can mediate phagocytosis of Listeria monocytogenes by mouse macrophage cell lines. J. Leukoc. Biol. 1996, 60, 603–610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. McDonald, C.; Vacratsis, P.O.; Bliska, J.B.; Dixon, J.E. The Yersinia Virulence Factor YopM Forms a Novel Protein Complex with Two Cellular Kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278, 18514–18523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  38. Ye, Z.; Kerschen, E.J.; Cohen, D.A.; Kaplan, A.M.; van Rooijen, N.; Straley, S.C. Gr1+ Cells Control Growth of YopM-Negative Yersinia pestis during Systemic Plague. Infect. Immun. 2009, 77, 3791–3806. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Helft, L.; Reddy, V.; Chen, X.; Koller, T.; Federici, L.; Fernández-Recio, J.; Gupta, R.; Bent, A. LRR Conservation Mapping to Predict Functional Sites within Protein Leucine-Rich Repeat Domains. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e21614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Hniman, A.; Prapong, S. Development of leptospira molecular markers by using bioinformation from predicted Leucine-Rich Repeat (LRR) protein genes. J. Thai Vet. Med. Assoc. 2007, 58, 65–78. [Google Scholar]
  41. Nitipan, S.; Sritrakul, T.; Kunjantarachot, A.; Prapong, S. Identification of epitopes in Leptospira borgpetersenii leucine-rich repeat proteins. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2013, 14, 46–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Nitipan, S. Molecular Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Gene Encoding Leucine-Rich Repeat proteins of Pathogenic Leptospira borgpetersenii. Ph.D. Thesis, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, 2013. [Google Scholar]
  43. Suphatpahirapol, C.; Nguyen, T.-H.; Tansiri, Y.; Yingchutrakul, Y.; Roytrakul, S.; Nitipan, S.; Wajjwalku, W.; Haltrich, D.; Prapong, S.; Keawsompong, S. Expression of a leptospiral leucine-rich repeat protein using a food-grade vector in Lactobacillus plantarum, as a strategy for vaccine delivery. 3 Biotech 2019, 9, 324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Suphatpahirapol, C. Leptospiral Protein Expression using Lactic Acid Bacteria-based Expression Systems for Mucosal Vaccine Delivery. Ph.D. Thesis, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, 2017. [Google Scholar]
  45. Sritrakul, T.; Nitipan, S.; Wajjwalku, W.; La-ard, A.; Suphatpahirapol, C.; Petkarnjanapong, W.; Ongphiphadhanakul, B.; Prapong, S. Leptospira borgpetersenii hybrid leucine-rich repeat protein: Cloning and expression, immunogenic identification and molecular docking evaluation. J. Microbiol. Methods 2017, 142, 52–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Vita, R.; Mahajan, S.; Overton, J.A.; Dhanda, S.K.; Martini, S.; Cantrell, J.R.; Wheeler, D.K.; Sette, A.; Peters, B. The Immune Epitope Database (IEDB): 2018 update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019, 47, D339–D343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  47. Saha, S.; Raghava, G.P.S. BcePred: Prediction of continuous B-cell epitopes in antigenic sequences using physico-chemical properties. In Artificial Immune Systems, Proceedings of the Third International Conference, ICARIS 2004, Catania, Italy, 13–16 September 2004; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2004; pp. 197–204. [Google Scholar]
  48. Jespersen, M.C.; Peters, B.; Nielsen, M.; Marcatili, P. BepiPred-2.0: Improving sequence-based B-cell epitope prediction using conformational epitopes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017, 45, W24–W29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  49. Reche, P.A.; Lafuente, E.M.; Perosanz, M.G.; Sanchez, J.L.; Ras-Carmona, A.; Alipour, T.F.; Pelaez, H.F. Predicted Antigenic Peptides. Available online: http://imed.med.ucm.es/Tools/antigenic.pl (accessed on 13 May 2020).
  50. Saha, S.; Raghava, G.P. Prediction of continuous B-cell epitopes in an antigen using recurrent neural network. Proteins 2006, 65, 40–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  51. Saha, S.; Raghava, G.P. Prediction methods for B-cell epitopes. Methods Mol. Biol. 2007, 409, 387–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Rice, P.; Longden, I.; Bleasby, A. EMBOSS: The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite. Trends Genet. 2000, 16, 276–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Yao, B.; Zhang, L.; Liang, S.; Zhang, C. SVMTriP: A Method to Predict Antigenic Epitopes Using Support Vector Machine to Integrate Tri-Peptide Similarity and Propensity. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e45152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Guan, P.; Doytchinova, I.A.; Zygouri, C.; Flower, D.R. MHCPred: Bringing a quantitative dimension to the online prediction of MHC binding. Appl. Bioinform. 2003, 2, 63–66. [Google Scholar]
  55. Guan, P.; Doytchinova, I.A.; Zygouri, C.; Flower, D.R. MHCPred: A server for quantitative prediction of peptide-MHC binding. Nucleic Acids Res. 2003, 31, 3621–3624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  56. Hattotuwagama, C.K.; Guan, P.; Doytchinova, I.A.; Zygouri, C.; Flower, D.R. Quantitative online prediction of peptide binding to the major histocompatibility complex. J. Mol. Graph. Model 2004, 22, 195–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Lata, S.; Bhasin, M.; Raghava, G.P. Application of machine learning techniques in predicting MHC binders. Methods Mol. Biol. 2007, 409, 201–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Nielsen, M.; Lundegaard, C.; Worning, P.; Lauemøller, S.L.; Lamberth, K.; Buus, S.; Brunak, S.; Lund, O. Reliable prediction of T-cell epitopes using neural networks with novel sequence representations. Protein Sci. 2003, 12, 1007–1017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Andreatta, M.; Nielsen, M. Gapped sequence alignment using artificial neural networks: Application to the MHC class I system. Bioinformatics 2016, 32, 511–517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  60. Combet, C.; Blanchet, C.; Geourjon, C.; Deléage, G. NPS@: Network protein sequence analysis. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2000, 25, 147–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Zhang, Y. I-TASSER server for protein 3D structure prediction. BMC Bioinform. 2008, 9, 40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  62. Roy, A.; Kucukural, A.; Zhang, Y. I-TASSER: A unified platform for automated protein structure and function prediction. Nat. Protoc. 2010, 5, 725–738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  63. Yang, J.; Yan, R.; Roy, A.; Xu, D.; Poisson, J.; Zhang, Y. The I-TASSER Suite: Protein structure and function prediction. Nat. Methods 2015, 12, 7–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  64. Doytchinova, I.A.; Flower, D.R. VaxiJen: A server for prediction of protective antigens, tumour antigens and subunit vaccines. BMC Bioinform. 2007, 8, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. Doytchinova, I.A.; Flower, D.R. Identifying candidate subunit vaccines using an alignment-independent method based on principal amino acid properties. Vaccine 2007, 25, 856–866. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  66. Doytchinova, I.; Flower, D. Bioinformatic Approach for Identifying Parasite and Fungal Candidate Subunit Vaccines. Open Vaccine J. 2008, 1, 22–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  67. Mérien, F.; Amouriaux, P.; Perolat, P.; Baranton, G.; Saint Girons, I. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Leptospira spp. in clinical samples. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1992, 30, 2219–2224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  68. Ahmed, S.A.; Sandai, D.A.; Musa, S.; Hoe, C.H.; Riadzi, M.; Lau, K.L.; Tang, T.H. Rapid diagnosis of leptospirosis by multiplex PCR. Malays J. Med. Sci. 2012, 19, 9–16. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  69. Brenner, D.J.; McWhorter, A.C.; Knutson, J.K.L.; Steigerwalt, A.G. Escherichia vulneris: A new species of Enterobacteriaceae associated with human wounds. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1982, 15, 1133–1140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  70. Tansiri, Y.; Sritrakul, T.; Saparpakorn, P.; Boondamnern, T.; Chimprasit, A.; Sripattanakul, S.; Hannongbua, S.; Prapong, S. New potent epitopes from Leptospira borgpetersenii for the stimulation of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses: Experimental and theoretical studies. Inform. Med. Unlocked 2021, 25, 100649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  71. Metz, C.E. Basic principles of ROC analysis. Semin. Nucl. Med. 1978, 8, 283–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  72. Zweig, M.H.; Campbell, G. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plots: A fundamental evaluation tool in clinical medicine. Clin. Chem. 1993, 39, 561–577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  73. Baker, M. Reproducibility crisis: Blame it on the antibodies. Nature 2015, 521, 274–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  74. Levett, P.N. Leptospirosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2001, 14, 296–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  75. Mandrekar, J.N. Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve in Diagnostic Test Assessment. J. Thorac. Oncol. 2010, 5, 1315–1316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  76. Power, M.; Fell, G.; Wright, M. Principles for high-quality, high-value testing. Evid. Based Med. 2013, 18, 5–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  77. Lizer, J.; Velineni, S.; Weber, A.; Krecic, M.; Meeus, P. Evaluation of 3 Serological Tests for Early Detection Of Leptospira-specific Antibodies in Experimentally Infected Dogs. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2018, 32, 201–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  78. Dey, S.; Mohan, C.M.; Kumar, T.M.A.S.; Ramadass, P.; Nainar, A.M.; Nachimuthu, K. Recombinant LipL32 antigen-based single serum dilution ELISA for detection of canine leptospirosis. Vet. Microbiol. 2004, 103, 99–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  79. Gupta, A.; Sinha, D.; Chaudhury, P.; Shankar, H.; Srivastava, S.K. Comparative studies on seroepidemiology of canine leptospirosis by micro agglutination test (MAT) and recombinant Lip L32 ELISA. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 2009, 79, 1089–1094. [Google Scholar]
  80. Joseph, S.; Mini, M.; Sriram, V.; Sathiadevan, A.; T V, A.; Kumar, S. Evaluation of real-time PCR, MAT, and recombinant LipL32-based ELISA for the diagnosis of canine leptospirosis in a disease-endemic South Indian state, Kerala. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 2018, 42, 191–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  81. Thongdee, M.; Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan, S.; Lekcharoen, P.; Yimchoho, N.; Buathong, R.; Wiriyarat, W. A Novel Genotype of Leptospira interrogans Recovered from Leptospirosis Outbreak Samples from Southern Thailand. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 2019, 72, 343–346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  82. Brown, P.D.; Gravekamp, C.; Carrington, D.G.; van de Kemp, H.; Hartskeerl, R.A.; Edwards, C.N.; Everard, C.O.; Terpstra, W.J.; Levett, P.N. Evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction for early diagnosis of leptospirosis. J. Med. Microbiol. 1995, 43, 110–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  83. Minke, J.M.; Bey, R.; Tronel, J.P.; Latour, S.; Colombet, G.; Yvorel, J.; Cariou, C.; Guiot, A.L.; Cozette, V.; Guigal, P.M. Onset and duration of protective immunity against clinical disease and renal carriage in dogs provided by a bi-valent inactivated leptospirosis vaccine. Vet. Microbiol. 2009, 137, 137–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  84. IDEXX, L. Diagnosing and Managing Canine Leptospirosis: IDEXX. Available online: https://www.idexx.com/files/canine-leptospirosis-test-dx-update.pdf (accessed on 14 April 2022).
Tropicalmed 07 00311 g001 550
Figure 1. The immunoreactivities of line blot assay between the recombinant proteins, rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M and LipL32. The rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M (A) and LipL32 (B) at 50 µg/mL with 9 different rabbit hyperimmune sera against Leptospira serovar Australis (1), Bataviae (2), Canicola (3), Hebdomadis (4), Icterohaemorrhagiae (5), Mini (6), Patoc (7), Pomona (8), Tarassovi (9) and control or non-immunized rabbit serum (10) at dilution 1:100. Goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated with gold nanoparticle at dilution 1:20 was used as the immunoreactivity color marker.
Figure 1. The immunoreactivities of line blot assay between the recombinant proteins, rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M and LipL32. The rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M (A) and LipL32 (B) at 50 µg/mL with 9 different rabbit hyperimmune sera against Leptospira serovar Australis (1), Bataviae (2), Canicola (3), Hebdomadis (4), Icterohaemorrhagiae (5), Mini (6), Patoc (7), Pomona (8), Tarassovi (9) and control or non-immunized rabbit serum (10) at dilution 1:100. Goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated with gold nanoparticle at dilution 1:20 was used as the immunoreactivity color marker.
Tropicalmed 07 00311 g001
Tropicalmed 07 00311 g002 550
Figure 2. Signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of the rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M and its derived peptides. The rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M and its peptides were tested with 9 rabbit hyperimmune sera against Leptospira, Anti-2012 and the control rabbit serum. The S/N ratio is the ratio of the absorbance of rabbit hyperimmune serum to rabbit control serum (signal per noise; S/N). The cut-off was set at a 2-fold increase in signal over the control. All samples were tested in triplicate.
Figure 2. Signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of the rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M and its derived peptides. The rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M and its peptides were tested with 9 rabbit hyperimmune sera against Leptospira, Anti-2012 and the control rabbit serum. The S/N ratio is the ratio of the absorbance of rabbit hyperimmune serum to rabbit control serum (signal per noise; S/N). The cut-off was set at a 2-fold increase in signal over the control. All samples were tested in triplicate.
Tropicalmed 07 00311 g002
Tropicalmed 07 00311 g003 550
Figure 3. Receiver–operator curve (ROC) and area under the curve of ROC (AUC) of selected peptides tested with dog plasma samples by ELISA, 2012-3T (A), 2012-4B (B), 2012-5B (C) and 2012-B (D). ROCs of peptide ELISA were co-analyzed with the ELISA with LipL32 protein. The ROC and area under the curve (AUC) of each peptide were analyzed by MedCalc.
Figure 3. Receiver–operator curve (ROC) and area under the curve of ROC (AUC) of selected peptides tested with dog plasma samples by ELISA, 2012-3T (A), 2012-4B (B), 2012-5B (C) and 2012-B (D). ROCs of peptide ELISA were co-analyzed with the ELISA with LipL32 protein. The ROC and area under the curve (AUC) of each peptide were analyzed by MedCalc.
Tropicalmed 07 00311 g003
Tropicalmed 07 00311 g004 550
Figure 4. Box plot of absorbance at 450 nm of positive and negative samples of each peptide and LipL32 based on ELISA results. The significant differences between positive and negative results were analyzed using a Mann–Whitney U test (**** represents p < 0.0001).
Figure 4. Box plot of absorbance at 450 nm of positive and negative samples of each peptide and LipL32 based on ELISA results. The significant differences between positive and negative results were analyzed using a Mann–Whitney U test (**** represents p < 0.0001).
Tropicalmed 07 00311 g004
Tropicalmed 07 00311 g005 550
Figure 5. The numbers of dogs that gave positive and negative results from peptide-based ELISA and LipL32 ELISA. The associations between types of dogs (family and stray dogs) and leptospirosis (positive and negative results) were determined using chi-squared test. All data gave p-value > 0.05, meaning that leptospirosis was not correlated to the type of dog.
Figure 5. The numbers of dogs that gave positive and negative results from peptide-based ELISA and LipL32 ELISA. The associations between types of dogs (family and stray dogs) and leptospirosis (positive and negative results) were determined using chi-squared test. All data gave p-value > 0.05, meaning that leptospirosis was not correlated to the type of dog.
Tropicalmed 07 00311 g005
Table
Table 1. Leptospira identification in dog plasma samples by real-time PCR.
Table 1. Leptospira identification in dog plasma samples by real-time PCR.
Symptomatic DogHealthy DogPositive Real-Time PCR Total
Stray dog2990101
Family dog7966103
Table
Table 2. The 9 serovars of rabbit hyperimmune sera against Leptospira spp. were purchased from the OIE Reference Laboratory for Leptospirosis and the National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, the Amsterdam University Medical Centers.
Table 2. The 9 serovars of rabbit hyperimmune sera against Leptospira spp. were purchased from the OIE Reference Laboratory for Leptospirosis and the National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, the Amsterdam University Medical Centers.
SpeciesSerogroupSerovarStrain
L. interrogansAustralisAustralisBallico
BataviaeBataviaeSwart
CanicolaCanicolaHond Utrecht lV
HebdomadisHebdomadisHebdomadis
IcterohaemorrhagiaeIcterohaemorrhagiaeIctero l
PomonaPomonaPomona
L. biflexaSemarangaPatocPatoc l
L. borgpeterseniiMiniMiniSari
TarassoviTarassoviPerepelitsin
Table
Table 3. The predicted antigenic epitopes of the rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein-derived peptides.
Table 3. The predicted antigenic epitopes of the rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M protein-derived peptides.
LRR Protein Derived Peptide Name: Amino Acid SequenceLengthSequence PositionAntigenicity Score [Vaxijen]
2012-1T: YKKAGSAAA919–270.977
2012-2T: KLSQGTEVR973–811.893
2012-3T: EVRFDWLTSL1079–881.355
2012-4T: KLKELKVPS9215–2230.551
2012-1B: LDEKDSATESN1145–551.672
2012-2B: KDSATESNIDSLS1348–601.142
2012-3B: SAPPSDKKLSQGTEVR1666–810.935
2012-4B: LYPREGKNASK11104–1141.316
2012-5B: GSNNSIKDLS10155–1640.836
Table
Table 4. The performance of peptide-based ELISA evaluated with LipL32 antigen results.
Table 4. The performance of peptide-based ELISA evaluated with LipL32 antigen results.
PeptideCut OffAUC (95% CI)SnSpPPVNPVAcK (95% CI)
2012-3T1.0370.821
(0.754–0.887)		0.8000.7500.5710.9000.7650.492
(0.372–0.613)
2012-4B1.0200.860
(0.802–0.919)		0.7330.8960.7460.8900.8480.632
(0.515–0.750)
2012-5B1.0570.874
(0.824–0.924)		0.7000.9170.7780.8800.8530.635
(0.517–0.754)
2012-B0.9170.828
(0.762–0.893)		0.7170.8470.6620.8780.8090.550
(0.426–0.675)
AUC = area under ROC curve; Sn = sensitivity; Sp = specificity; PPV = positive predictive value; NPV = negative predictive value; Ac = accuracy; K = kappa value.
Table
Table 5. The validation of peptide-based and LipL32 ELISAs with MAT results from known true positive dogs’ sera.
Table 5. The validation of peptide-based and LipL32 ELISAs with MAT results from known true positive dogs’ sera.
MethodsType of Dogs (No. of Dogs with Positive Results)
Positive PCR Dogs (6)Dogs with Positive Results by Peptide-Based and LipL32 ELISAs (5)Dogs with Negative Results by Peptide-Based and LipL32 ELISAs (5)Vaccinated Dogs (20)
MAT (serovar with titer ≥ 1:100)Autumnalis1---
Bratislava-1-8
Canicola42-11
Icterohaemorrhagiae31-13 *
Pomona---6
Ballum-1--
Sejroe54--
Tarassovi41--
Grippotyphosa---3
Patoc33--
Peptide-based ELISAs2012-4B6503 *
2012-5B6503 *
Protein ELISALipL3265019
* 3 dogs with MAT titer ≥1:400 to serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Sripattanakul, S.; Prapong, T.; Kamlangdee, A.; Katzenmeier, G.; Haltrich, D.; Hongprayoon, R.; Prapong, S. Leptospira borgpetersenii Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins and Derived Peptides in an Indirect ELISA Development for the Diagnosis of Canine Leptospiral Infections. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7, 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7100311

AMA Style

Sripattanakul S, Prapong T, Kamlangdee A, Katzenmeier G, Haltrich D, Hongprayoon R, Prapong S. Leptospira borgpetersenii Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins and Derived Peptides in an Indirect ELISA Development for the Diagnosis of Canine Leptospiral Infections. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2022; 7(10):311. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7100311

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sripattanakul, Sineenat, Teerasak Prapong, Attapon Kamlangdee, Gerd Katzenmeier, Dietmar Haltrich, Ratchanee Hongprayoon, and Siriwan Prapong. 2022. "Leptospira borgpetersenii Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins and Derived Peptides in an Indirect ELISA Development for the Diagnosis of Canine Leptospiral Infections" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 10: 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7100311

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop