Seropositivity of Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Owners and Their Dogs Living on Island and Mainland Seashore Areas of Southern Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Local of Study
2.3. Blood Sample Collection
2.4. Serological Testing
2.5. Epidemiological Data Collection
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Bivariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-T. gondii Antibodies | OR (95% IC) | p Value | OR (95% IC) | p Value | ||
Seropositive No. (%) | Seronegative No. (%) | |||||
59/328 (18.0) | 269/328 (82.0) | |||||
Household Location | 0.562 | |||||
Seashore mainland | 22 (37.3) | 112 (41.6) | Ref | |||
Island | 37 (62.7) | 157 (58.4) | 0.8 (0.47–1.49) | |||
Gender | 0.098 | |||||
Female | 31 (52.5) | 175 (65.1) | Ref | Ref | ||
Male | 28 (47.5) | 94 (34.9) | 1.7 (0.94–2.98) | 1.6 (0.87–2.85) | 0.149 | |
Age (Years Old) | 0.322 | |||||
>18 | 55 (93.2) | 258 (95.9) | Ref | |||
<18 | 4 (6.8) | 11 (4.1) | 0.6 (0.19–0.20) | |||
Education Level | 0.682 | |||||
>Elementary school | 37 (62.7) | 179 (66.5) | Ref | |||
≤Elementary school | 22 (37.3) | 90 (33.5) | 1.2 (0.65–2.12) | |||
Income | 0.627 | |||||
>1 minimum wage | 40 (70.2) | 165 (65.7) | Ref | |||
≤1 minimum wage | 17 (29.8) | 86 (34.3) | 0.8 (0.43–1.51) | |||
Dog Owner | 0.856 | |||||
No | 7 (11.9) | 27 (10.0) | Ref | |||
Yes | 52 (88.1) | 242 (90.0) | 0.8 (0.35–2.15) | |||
Cat Owner | 0.579 | |||||
No | 39 (66.1) | 164 (61.2) | Ref | |||
Yes | 20 (33.9) | 104 (38.8) | 0.8 (0.44–1.46) | |||
Water Consumption | ||||||
Treated water | 0.047 * | |||||
No | 27 (45.8) | 84 (31.2) | Ref | |||
Yes | 32 (54.2) | 185 (68.8) | 0.5 (0.30–0.96) | |||
Well Water | 1 | |||||
No | 52 (88.1) | 236 (87.7) | Ref | |||
Yes | 7 (11.9) | 33 (12.3) | 1.0 (0.38–2.23) | |||
Spring Water | 0.016 | |||||
No | 33 (55.9) | 196 (72.9) | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 26 (44.1) | 73 (27.1) | 2.1 (1.17–3.78) | 2.0 (1.08–3.57) | 0.027 | |
Wash Fruits/Vegetables | ||||||
Before consumption | 0.118 | |||||
No | 4 (6.8) | 7 (2.6) | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 55 (93.2) | 260 (97.4) | 0.4 (0.10–1.49) | 0.3 (0.06–1.11) | 0.054 | |
Only Water | 0.177 | |||||
No | 14 (23.7) | 90 (33.8) | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 45 (76.3) | 176 (66.2) | 1.6 (0.87–3.24) | 1.8 (0.87–4.0) | 0.132 | |
Water and Vinegar | 0.546 | |||||
No | 48 (81.4) | 204 (76.7) | Ref | |||
Yes | 11 (18.6) | 62 (23.3) | 0.8 (0.35–1.51) | |||
Water with Sodium Hypochlorite | 0.297 | |||||
No | 56 (94.9) | 238 (89.5) | Ref | |||
Yes | 3 (5.08) | 28 (10.5) | 0.5 (0.11–1.42) | |||
Consumption of Raw or Undercooked Meat | 0.3 | |||||
No | 36 (61.0) | 185 (69.0) | Ref | |||
Yes | 23 (39.0) | 83 (31.0) | 1.4 (0.78–2.55) | |||
Cattle | 0.276 | |||||
No | 38 (64.4) | 193 (72.6) | Ref | |||
Yes | 21 (35.6) | 73 (27.4) | 1.5 (0.79–2.65) | |||
Pig | 1 | |||||
No | 56 (94.9) | 249 (93.6) | Ref | |||
Yes | 3 (5.1) | 17 (6.4) | 0.8 (0.18–2.57) | |||
Chicken | 0.746 | |||||
No | 57 (96.6) | 252 (94.7) | Ref | |||
Yes | 2 (3.4) | 14 (5.3) | 0.7 (0.09–2.53) | |||
Fish | 0.924 | |||||
No | 49 (83.1) | 225 (84.6) | Ref | |||
Yes | 10 (16.9) | 41 (15.4) | 1.1 (0.50–2.34) |
Variable | Bivariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-T. gondii Antibodies | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | ||
Seropositive (%) | Seronegative (%) | |||||
66/283 (23.3) | 217/283 (76.7) | |||||
Household Location | 0.655 | |||||
Seashore mainland | 38 (57.6) | 116 (53.5) | Ref | |||
Island | 28 (42.4) | 101 (46.5) | 0.9 (0.48–1.48) | |||
Sex | 1 | |||||
Female | 32 (48.5) | 106 (48.8) | Ref | |||
Male | 34 (51.5) | 111 (51.2) | 1.0 (0.58–1.77) | |||
Cohabitate with Another Dog | 0.485 | |||||
No | 58 (87.9) | 199 (91.7) | Ref | |||
Yes | 8 (12.1) | 18 (8.29) | 1.5 (0.60–3.64) | |||
Dog and Cat Cohabitate | 1 | |||||
No | 64 (97.0) | 211 (97.2%) | Ref | |||
Yes | 2 (3.03) | 6 (2.76) | 1.2 (0.15–5.33) | |||
Seropositive Owner | 0.016 | |||||
No | 52 (78.8) | 197 (90.8) | Ref | Ref. | ||
Yes | 14 (21.2) | 20 (9.22) | 2.7 (1.23–5.60) | 2.8 (1.30–6.0) | 0.008 | |
Dog Diet | ||||||
Dry Food | 0.532 | |||||
No | 2 (3.03) | 12 (5.56) | Ref. | |||
Yes | 64 (97.0) | 204 (94.4) | 1.8 (0.46–12.7) | |||
Home Cooked | 0.054 | |||||
No | 19 (28.8) | 93 (43.1) | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 47 (71.2) | 123 (56.9) | 1.9 (1.03–3.45) | 1.7 (0.93–3.20) | 0.089 | |
Meat Consumption | ||||||
Cattle | 0.042 * | |||||
No | 50 (75.8) | 189 (87.1) | Ref | |||
Yes | 16 (24.2) | 28 (12.9) | 2.2(1.06–4.28) | |||
Pig | 0.22 | |||||
No | 62 (93.9) | 212 (97.7) | Ref | |||
Yes | 4 (6.06) | 5 (2.30) | 2.7(0.63–11.1) | |||
Chicken | 0.026 | |||||
No | 57 (86.4) | 206 (94.9) | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 9 (13.6) | 11 (5.07) | 3.0 (1.12–7.56) | 2.9 (1.10–7.51) | 0.028 | |
Fish | 0.101 * | |||||
No | 60 (90.9) | 209 (96.3) | Ref | |||
Yes | 6 (9.09) | 8 (3.69) | 2.6 (0.81–7.97) | |||
Water Consumption | ||||||
Tap Water | 0.243 | |||||
No | 29 (43.9) | 76 (35.0) | Ref | |||
Yes | 37 (56.1) | 141 (65.0) | 0.7 (0.39–1.21) | |||
Well Water | 0.923 | |||||
No | 59 (89.4) | 197 (90.8) | Ref | |||
Yes | 7 (10.6) | 20 (9.22) | 1.2 (0.44–2.84) | |||
Beach Access | 0.673 | |||||
No | 23 (34.8) | 84 (38.7) | Ref | |||
Yes | 43 (65.2) | 133 (61.3) | 1.2 (0.67–2.12) |
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Freitas, A.R.; Delai, R.R.; Kmetiuk, L.B.; da Silva, E.C.; Martini, R.; Brandão, A.P.D.; Giuffrida, R.; de Barros-Filho, I.R.; Costa da Silva, R.; Langoni, H.; et al. Seropositivity of Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Owners and Their Dogs Living on Island and Mainland Seashore Areas of Southern Brazil. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7, 252. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7100252
Freitas AR, Delai RR, Kmetiuk LB, da Silva EC, Martini R, Brandão APD, Giuffrida R, de Barros-Filho IR, Costa da Silva R, Langoni H, et al. Seropositivity of Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Owners and Their Dogs Living on Island and Mainland Seashore Areas of Southern Brazil. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2022; 7(10):252. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7100252
Chicago/Turabian StyleFreitas, Aaronson Ramathan, Ruana Renostro Delai, Louise Bach Kmetiuk, Evelyn Cristine da Silva, Rafaella Martini, Ana Pérola Drulla Brandão, Rogério Giuffrida, Ivan Roque de Barros-Filho, Rodrigo Costa da Silva, Hélio Langoni, and et al. 2022. "Seropositivity of Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Owners and Their Dogs Living on Island and Mainland Seashore Areas of Southern Brazil" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 10: 252. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7100252