Serological Markers of Viral Infections (Rubella Virus, Human Cytomegalovirus and Arboviruses) among Symptomatic Pregnant Women in Rural and Urban Areas of Mwanza, Tanzania
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Design, Study Area and Duration
2.2. Study Population and Selection Criteria
2.3. Sample Size Estimation and Enrollment
2.4. Data Collection, Sample Collection and Laboratory Procedures
2.5. Study Variables and Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Enrolled Pregnant Women (N = 171)
3.2. Clinical Features of Viral Infections among Symptomatic Pregnant Women (N = 171)
3.3. Prevalence of Markers for Viral Infections among Pregnant Women (N = 171)
3.4. Factors Associated with ZIKV/DENV among Symptomatic Pregnant Women in Mwanza
3.5. Outcome of Symptomatic Pregnant Women (N = 171) Attending Antenatal Clinics in Mwanza
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Frequency/Median | Percent/[IQR] |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 24 | [IQR 21–30] |
Residence | ||
Urban | 55 | 32.2 |
Rural | 116 | 67.8 |
Occupation | ||
Small-scale business | 81 | 47.8 |
Unemployed | 48 | 28.1 |
Self Employed | 42 | 24.6 |
Education | ||
Primary | 139 | 81.3 |
Secondary | 32 | 18.7 |
Marital status | ||
Married | 154 | 90.1 |
Not Married | 17 | 10.0 |
Gravidity | 3 | [IQR 1–4] |
Gestation Age (weeks) | 25 | [IQR 20–32] |
Characteristics | Frequency | % |
---|---|---|
Fever | ||
No | 26 | 15.2 |
Yes | 145 | 84.8 |
Rash | ||
No | 142 | 83.0 |
Yes | 29 | 17.0 |
Itching | ||
No | 146 | 85.4 |
Yes | 25 | 14.5 |
Joint pain | ||
No | 22 | 12.9 |
Yes | 149 | 87.1 |
* Flu-like symptoms | ||
No | 63 | 36.8 |
Yes | 108 | 63.2 |
Headache | ||
No | 33 | 19.3 |
Yes | 138 | 80.7 |
Myalgia | ||
No | 13 | 7.6 |
Yes | 158 | 92.4 |
Variables | Avidity Index | Participants | % |
---|---|---|---|
Low | <40% | 10 | 14.29 |
Intermediate | 40–60 | 42 | 60.0 |
High | >60 | 18 | 25.71 |
Total 70 | 100 |
Univariate | Multivariate | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient Characteristics | Positive n (%) | Negative n (%) | OR [95% CI] | p-Value | OR [95% CI] | p-Value |
Age (Year) | 29.5 [IQR 24–34.5] | 24 [21–30] | 1.00 [0.97–1.04] | 0.887 | 1.16 [1.02–1.32] | 0.024 |
Residence | ||||||
Urban | 2 (3.6) | 53 (96.4) | 1 | 5.03 [1.04–24.29] | 0.044 | |
Rural | 14 (12.0) | 102 (87.9) | 0.36 [0.80–16.6] | 0.096 | ||
Occupation | ||||||
Business | 7 (8.6) | 74 (8.6) | 1 | |||
Unemployed | 6 (15.5) | 42 (87.5) | 0.81 [0.20–3.32] | 0.773 | ||
Self Employed | 3 (7.1) | 39 (92.86) | 1.51 [0.48–4.79] | 0.484 | ||
Education | ||||||
Primary | 13 (9.4) | 126 (90.7) | 1 | |||
Secondary | 3 (9.4) | 29 (90.6) | 0.10 [0.27–3.73] | 0.997 | ||
Gravidity | 3.5 [IQR 2–5] | 3 [IQR 1–4] | 1.16 [0.90–1.49] | 0.257 | 0.80 [0.52–1.24] | 0.320 |
Gestation Age | 28 [IQR 21–35] | 25 [IQR 20–32] | 1.00 [0.97–1.04] | 0.887 | ||
Fever | ||||||
No | 3 (11.5) | 23 (88.5) | 1 | |||
Yes | 13 (9.0) | 132 (91.0) | 0.76 [0.20–2.86] | 0.679 | ||
Rash | ||||||
No | 14 (9.9) | 128 (90.1) | 1 | |||
Yes | 2 (6.9) | 27 (93.1) | 0.76 [0.15–3.15] | 0.679 | ||
Itching | ||||||
No | 14 (10.0) | 132 (90.4) | 1.000 | |||
Yes | 2 (8.0) | 23 (92.0) | 0.82 [0.17–3.89] | 0.801 | ||
Joint pain | ||||||
No | 1 (4.6) | 21 (95.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 15 (10.1) | 134 (89.9) | 2.35 [0.29–18.74] | 0.420 | 2.46 [0.30–20.28] | 0.840 |
Flu-like symptoms | ||||||
No | 5 (8.0) | 58 (92.1) | 1 | |||
Yes | 11 (10.1) | 97 (89.8) | 1.32 [0.44–3.98] | 0.627 | ||
Headache | ||||||
No | 4 (12.1) | 29 (87.9) | 1 | |||
Yes | 12 (8.7) | 126 (91.3) | 0.69 [0.21–2.30] | 0.546 |
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Awadh, N.; Nyawale, H.; Chibwe, E.; Mujuni, F.; Ollomi, M.; Hassan, K.; Mtebe, M.; Matemba, L.; Mshana, S.E.; Mirambo, M.M. Serological Markers of Viral Infections (Rubella Virus, Human Cytomegalovirus and Arboviruses) among Symptomatic Pregnant Women in Rural and Urban Areas of Mwanza, Tanzania. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2021, 6, 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6040186
Awadh N, Nyawale H, Chibwe E, Mujuni F, Ollomi M, Hassan K, Mtebe M, Matemba L, Mshana SE, Mirambo MM. Serological Markers of Viral Infections (Rubella Virus, Human Cytomegalovirus and Arboviruses) among Symptomatic Pregnant Women in Rural and Urban Areas of Mwanza, Tanzania. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2021; 6(4):186. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6040186
Chicago/Turabian StyleAwadh, Najma, Helmut Nyawale, Elieza Chibwe, Fridolin Mujuni, Margareth Ollomi, Karim Hassan, Majigo Mtebe, Lucas Matemba, Stephen E. Mshana, and Mariam M. Mirambo. 2021. "Serological Markers of Viral Infections (Rubella Virus, Human Cytomegalovirus and Arboviruses) among Symptomatic Pregnant Women in Rural and Urban Areas of Mwanza, Tanzania" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 4: 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6040186