Proposed Integrated Control of Zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi in Southeast Asia Using Themes of One Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Ecological Drivers of Plasmodium knowlesi Transmission
2.1. The Significance of P. knowlesi Subpopulations in Human Disease Transmission
2.2. The Influence of Deforestation, Changing Land-use and Risk of P. knowlesi Transmission
2.3. The Influence of Forest Disturbances on the Mosquito Vector and Transmission Dynamics
2.4. The Influence of Forest Disturbances on the Natural Host, Prevalence and Transmission Dynamics
2.5. The Influence of Individual Behavioural Factors that Increase Risk of Disease Acquisition
3. Integrative Control Perspectives
3.1. Improved Disease Surveillance of P. knowlesi Infection
3.2. Ecological Interventions: Deforestation Regulations and Forest Restoration Strategies
3.3. Individual-level protection: Insecticide Treated Clothing
3.4. Vector Behavioural Tools: Synthetic Odour-based Traps and Baits for Control of Vector Transmission of P. knowlesi
3.5. Biocontrol Strategies Targeting Vector Transmission
4. Conclusion and Integrative Control Proposal
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vector | Geographical Location | Common Areas of Capture | Biting Behaviour | Host Preference | Author |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
An. balabaecensis | Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia, Kuala Lipis, Philippines | Village sites, forest edges, small farming sites, logged forest areas, palm oil estates, shrub bushes | Exophagic & endophagic, acrodendrophillic | Humans and Macaques | [30,31,32] |
An. latens | Sarawak, Malaysia | Forests, forest fringe, farms and longhouses | Acrodendrophillic, Exophagic | Humans and Macaques | [33,34] |
An. cracens | Pahang and Sarawak, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia | Village sites, fruit orchards | Exophagic, ground-level biting | Humans and Macaques | [35,36] |
An. dirus | Sarawak, Malaysia, Southern Vietnam | Forest and Forest fringes | Exophagic and acrodendrophillic | Not described | [37] |
An. donaldi | Sarawak, Malaysia | Village sites, farm huts, long-houses | Not described | Not described | [38] |
An. sundaicus | Katchal island, India | Village sites | Not described | Not described | [39] |
An. introlatus | Selangor, Malaysia | Farmlands, forests | Exophagic & endophagic. | No comparison made | [40] |
Country | Findings | Reference |
---|---|---|
Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang & Kuala Lipis | 145 M. fascicularis blood samples were collected. In Pahang, P. knowlesi was detected in 6.9% of samples. In Kuala Lipis, 77 M. fascicularis blood samples were collected. P. knowlesi was detected in 7.3% of samples. | [67] |
Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Perak and Johor | 103 M. fascicularis blood samples were collected. In Pahang, P. knowlesi prevalence among M. fascicularis was 26.5%. In Perak, P. knowlesi prevalence among M. fascicularis was 3.8%. In Johor, P. knowlesi prevalence among M. fascicularis was 2.6%. | [71] |
Kapit Division of Malaysian Borneo | 108 macaque blood samples were collected. In 83 M. fascicularis, 82 were positive for plasmodia infection. P. knowlesi prevalence was 87%. In 26 M. nemestrina, only 21 were positive for plasmodia infection. P. knowlesi prevalence was 50%. | [21] |
Selangor, Malaysia | 70 M. fascicularis blood samples were collected. P. knowlesi prevalence among M. fascicularis was 60%. Four out of 35 had mono-infection of P. knowlesi. Co-infection with multiple simian Plasmodium species occurred in 65% of samples. | [74] |
Thailand | In 93 blood samples collected from three macaque reservoir hosts, P. knowlesi prevalence was 2.5%. It was detected only in M. arctodes. | [72] |
Loas | 276 M. fascicularis samples were collected from various regional populations across Southeast Asia. One P. knowlesi infection was detected in Laos. The prevalence of P. knowlesi in across the Southeast region was 0.4%. | [75] |
Thailand | Retrospective analysis of blood films from M. fascicularis from 2006-2009. Prevalence of P. knowlesi has increased within M. fascicularis across the Northern-western, Eastern and South provinces of Thailand. | [10] |
Gulf of Thailand | In 195 Macaca fascicularis, 5.7% were infected with P. knowlesi, and in 449 Macaca nemestrina, 2.3% were infected with P. knowlesi. | [76] |
The Philippines, Palawan island | 95 M. fascicularis blood samples were collected. P. knowlesi was detected in 19% of cases. | [69] |
Singapore | 65 peri-domestic and 92 wild macaques blood samples were collected. It was found that the former group was uninfected, while 71.7% of the sampled wild macaques were positive for at least one simian-malaria parasite species. P. knowlesi had a prevalence of 68.2% among the infected wild macaques. | [70] |
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Scott, J. Proposed Integrated Control of Zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi in Southeast Asia Using Themes of One Health. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2020, 5, 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5040175
Scott J. Proposed Integrated Control of Zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi in Southeast Asia Using Themes of One Health. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2020; 5(4):175. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5040175
Chicago/Turabian StyleScott, Jessica. 2020. "Proposed Integrated Control of Zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi in Southeast Asia Using Themes of One Health" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 4: 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5040175